Transmission Media

lecture4 - transmission media 1
Komunikasi Data Interface minggu 4

Media transmisi
Beberapa macam tipe fisik media transmisi yang dipergunakan
untuk data transmisi
Karakteristik dan limitasi dari setiap tipe
Tipe-tipe sinyal
Beberapa tipe sinyal yang digunakan dalam komunikasi data
Sumber sinyal
Materi Kuliah
The importance of type of transmission medium: It determines the
maximum number of bits (binary digits) that can be transmitted per
second or bps.
Examples: a pair of conductors or wires, a beam of light guided by a
glass fiber, electromagnetic waves propagating through free space
Transmission media:
Guided transmission media
Conductive Metal
Two wire open lines; Twisted-pair lines; Coaxial cable
Glass or Plastic
Optical fiber
Unguided transmission
Satellites; Terrestrial microwave; Radio broadcast; Infra red

Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Two-wire open lines
The simplest transmission medium
Each wire is insulated from the other and both are open to free space
This is sufficient for connecting equipment up to 50m apart using
moderate bit rates (less than 19.2 kbps)
Mainly used for connecting a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) to local
DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment), i.e. modem
DTE-DCE connection usually utilize multiple lines; where the most
common arrangement is a separate insulated wire for each signal and a
single wire for the common ground reference
Transmission Media
Two-wire open lines

The complete set of wires is either enclosed in a single protected
multicore cable or shaped into a flat ribbon cable
It must be avoided cross-coupling of electrical signals between
adjacent wires in the same cable; known as crosstalk, caused by
capacitive coupling between two wires
Open structure is vulnerable to get a false noise signals from other
electrical signal sources caused by electromagnetic radiation
Transmission Media
Twisted-pair lines
It is a pair of wires that twisted together
Much better immunity to false signals
Proximity of the signal and ground reference wires means that any
interference signal is picked up by both wires reducing its effect on the
difference signal; then if multiple twisted pairs are enclosed within the
same cable, the twisting of each pair within the cable reduce crosstalk
Suitable for bit rates in order of 1 Mbps over short distances (less than
100m) and lower bit rates over longer distances
Transmission Media
Unshielded Twisted Pairs (UTPs)
A more sophisticated circuits; able to achieved similar or higher bit
rates over much longer distances
Used extensively in telephone networks and with special integrated
circuits in many data communication applications
Transmission Media
Shielded Twisted Pairs (STPs)
A protective screen or shield used to reduce further the effects of
interference signals
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Coaxial cable
The signal and ground reference wires as a solid center conductor
running concentrically (coaxially) inside a solid (or braided) outer
circular conductor
Ideally, the space between the two conductors should be filled with a
dielectric insulating material with a solid or honeycomb structure

Coaxial cable
The center conductor is effectively shielded from external interference
signals by the outer conductor
Minimal losses occur as a result of electromagnetic radiation and the
skin effect because of the presence of the outer conductor
Advantages:
Minimize the effect of attenuation, since increasing the electrical
resistance of the wires for high-frequency signal
Suitable for bit rates higher than 1 Mbps
Used typically for :
Signal of 10 Mbps (or higher with modulation) over several
hundred meters
Applicable for point-to-point and multipoint topologies
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Hardware Stuff
MAGNETIC MEDIA:
Sometimes it's cheaper and faster to load a box of tapes in your car !!!

TWISTED PAIR:
Simply two wires twisted together - the twisting cuts down on electrical
interference.
Heavily used in the phone system - the typical office has four pairs for
phones, etc.
Category 3 and 5 - with 5 having more twists and better insulation.

BASEBAND COAXIAL CABLE:
Used for digital transmissions (called baseband.)
Good noise immunity.
Data rates as high as 1 Gbps for short distances.
Now being replaced by fiber.
Transmission Media
Hardware Stuff
BROADBAND COAXIAL CABLE:
Used for analog transmissions (called broadband.)
Can run 300 MHz for long distances.
Analog signaling has better S/N than digital signaling.
Interfaces must convert digital signals to analog and vice versa.
Designed for long distances - can use amplifiers.

FIBER OPTICS:
Transmission of light through fiber - properties include total internal
reflection and attenuation of particular frequencies.
Fiber Optic Networks - can be used for LANs and long-haul.
Optical fiber
It carriers the transmitted information in the form of fluctuating beam
of light in a glass fiber, rather than as an electrical signal on a wire
Advantages:
Achieved transmission rates of hundreds Mbps since light waves
have a much wider bandwidth than electrical waves
Light waves are also immune to electromagnetic interference and
crosstalk
Useful for transmission of lower bit rate signals in electrically
noisy environments, i.e. steel plants, which employ much high-
voltage and current-switching equipments
It is difficult to tap; used where security is important
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Optical fiber
It consists of a single glass fiber for each signal to be transmitted,
contained within the cables protective coating which also shields the
fiber from any external light sources
Optical fiber
The light signal is generated by an optical transmitter, that performs
the conversion from normal electric signal as used in a DTE
Optical receiver used to perform the reverse function at the receiving
end
Typically, the transmitter uses a light-emitting diode (LED) or laser
diode (LD) to perform the conversion operation, while the receiver
uses a light-sensitive photodiode or photo transistor
Light propagates along the optical fiber core in different ways,
depending on the type and width of core material used:
Multimode: stepped index fiber & graded index fiber
Single mode
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
Multimode stepped index fiber
Each cladding and core material has a different but uniform refractive
index
All the light emitted by the diode at an angle less than the critical angle
is reflected at the cladding interference and propagates along the core
by means of multiple (internal) reflections

Transmission Media
Multimode stepped index fiber
Depending on the angle at which it is emitted by the diode, the light will
take a variable amount of time to propagate along the cable
Therefore the received signal has a wider pulse width than the input
signal with a corresponding decrease in the maximum permissible bit
rate
Used primarily for modest bit rates with relatively inexpensive LEDs
compare to laser diodes

Transmission Media
Multimode graded index fiber
Reducing dispersion by using a core material that has a variable
refractive index
Here, light is refracted by an increasing amount as it moves away from
the core
This has the effect on narrowing the pulse width of the received signal
compared with stepped index fiber, allowing a corresponding increase
in maximum bit rate
Transmission Media
Single mode / monomode fiber
Improvement of other optical fiber, by reducing the core diameter to
that of a single wavelength (3-10 m) so that all the emitted light
propagates along a single (dispersionless) path
Consequently, the received signal is of a comparable width to the input
signal
Used with Lased Diodes (LDs), that can operate at hundreds of Mbps
Satellites systems
Data is transmitted using electromagnetic (radio) waves through free
space
A microwave beam, onto which data is modulated, is transmitted to the
satellite from the ground; which is received and retransmitted (relayed)
to the predetermined destination(s) using on-board circuit known as a
transponder
Single satellite has many transponders, each covering a particular band
of frequencies
A typical satellite channel has an extremely high bandwidth (500
MHz) and can provide many hundreds of high bit rate data links using
a technique known as multiplexing
Essentially, the total capacity of the channel is divided into a number
of subchannels, each of which can support a high bit rate link
Transmission Media
Satellites systems
Transmission Media
Using microwave
Receive and retransmit using
transponder
Upward transmission (uplink) 4 GHz
Downward transmission (downlink)
6 GHz
Satellites systems
Satellites used for communication purposes are normally
geostationary, means that the satellite orbits the earth once every 24
hours in synchronism with the earths rotation and hence appears
stationary from the ground
The orbit of the satellite is chosen so that it provides a line-of-sight
communication path to the transmitting and receiving station(s)
The degree of the collimation of the microwave beam retransmitted by
the satellite can be coarse (signal can be picked up over a wide
geographical area) or focused (signal can be picked up over only a
limited area)
In the second case the signal power is higher, so that smaller-diameter
receivers antenna or dishes is used. It is also known as very small
aperture terminals or VSATs
Transmission Media
Satellites systems
Transmission Media
Remains in a fixed position relative to
ground station
Used for communication purposed
Used 3 satellites to cover all over the
earth
Terrestrial microwave links
Used to provide communication links if it is impractical or too
expensive to install physical transmission media, i.e. across a river of a
swamp or desert
As the collimated microwave beam travels through the earths
atmosphere, it can be disturbed by such factors as manufactured
structures and adverse weather conditions. In a satellite link, the beam
travels mainly through free space, therefore less prone to such effects
Line-of-sight microwave communication through the earths
atmosphere can be used reliably over distances in excess of 50 km
Transmission Media
Terrestrial microwave links

Transmission Media
Radio waves
Used to provide a cordless (wireless) link between a fixed-wire
termination point and the distributed computers. A radio transmitter
(known as base station) is placed at the fixed-wire termination point,
providing a cordless link between each computer and the central site
Multiple base stations must be used for applications that require a
wider coverage area or a higher density of users
The coverage area of each base station is restricted (limited by its
power output) so that it provides only sufficient channels to support the
total load in that area. Wider coverage is achieved by arranging
multiple base stations in a cell structure
The size of each cell varies and is determined by such factors as the
terminal density and local terrain
Transmission Media
Radio waves
Each base station operates using different band of frequencies from its
neighbors
However, since the field of coverage of each base station is limited, it
is possible to reuse its frequency band in other parts of the network
Transmission Media
Radio waves
Transmission Media
Wireless link between fixed terminal
point (base station) and terminal
F2
z
F1
z
z
F3
z
z
F2 F3
z
F1
z
F2
z
F1
z
F2
z
F3
z
F1
z
F3
z
F2
F1, F2, F3 = frequencies used in channel
(b) multiple cells
BS
BS = Base station
= user computer/terminal
(a) single cell
Radio field of coverage of base station
Factors to select media:
Cost
Data rate & bandwidth
Distance
Transmission Media
Twisted pair Coaxial Optical fiber Microwave Satellite
Data rate 1-100 Mbps 10 Mbps 400-500 Mbps 200-300 Mbps 1-2 Mbps
Interference electrical electrical immune solid object
atmosphere
condition
Distance
up to 1 mile
(1-2 Mbps for 1mile,
10 Mbps for 100m,
2.4 kbps for 10miles)
2-3 miles 20 - 30 miles 20 - 30 miles
Two DTE that are close to one another; use modest bit rates; can be
transmitted using two-wire open lines and simple interface circuits,
that change the signal level used within the equipment to a level
compatible with the interconnecting cable
When DTEs are in different parts of the world, it needed to use the
lines provided by the authorities responsible for the provision of
telecommunication services.
For this type of communication medium, the electrical signal output of
the DTE source has to convert into a form analogous to the signals
used to convey spoken messages. On the reception, these signals has to
convert back into a form suitable for the use by the destination DTE.
Modem is used to perform these functions.
Some of different signal types are:
Signal Types
V.28
Standard interface has been defined for use with all of the modem
types which specifies both the number and function of the electrical
signals, the physical size of the plug and socket, and the pin
configurations within them.
E.g. the EIA-232D interface or the V.24 interface.
The electrical signal levels defined for use with above interfaces are
defined in recommendation V.28.
The voltage signals used on the lines are symmetric to the ground
reference signals and at least 3V: +3V for binary 0 and 3V for a
binary 1. In practice, the actual voltage levels used are determined by
the supply voltages applied to the interface circuits, 12V or even
15V not being uncommon.
Signal Types
V.28
The transmit circuits convert the low-level signal voltages used within
the equipment to the higher voltage levels used on the transmission
lines. Similarly, the receive circuits perform the reverse function.
Interface circuits, known as line drivers and line receivers perform the
necessary voltage conversion functions.
The interfaces here used in a maximum physical separation of less than
15m and bit rates lower than 20kbps, although larger values are often
used when connecting a peripheral to a computer.
Signal Types
20mA current loop
It uses a current signal.
It doesnt extend the available bit rate, but increases the physical
separation between two communicating devices.
The noise immunity of this interface is better than a basic voltage-
driven interface since it uses a pair of wires for each signal. This
means that any external noise (common-mode noise) is picked up in
both wires, which has a minimal effect on the basic current-sensitive
receiver circuit.
This interface is suitable for up to 1km lines, but at modest bit rate
(because of the limited operational rate of the switches and current
sensitive circuits)
Signal Types
RS-422A/V.11
They increase the physical separation and the bit rate
They use a twisted-pair cable and a pair of differential (also referred as
balanced or double-ended) transmitter and receiver circuits.
Differential transmitter produces twin signals of equal and opposite
polarity for every binary 1 or 0 signal to be transmitted.
Differential receiver is sensitive only to difference between two signals
on its two inputs; noise picked up by both wires will not affect receiver
operation.
Summary of the alternative cable lengths and transmission rates:
Signal Types
RS-422A/V.11
Signal Types
Signal type Length (m)
Maximum transmission rate
(kbps)
10 100,000
100 10,000
1000 1,000
10 1,000,000
100 100,000
1000 10,000
10 10,000,000
100 1,000,000
1000 100,000
RS-423A/V.10
RS-422A/V.11
(unterminated)
RS-422A/V.11
(terminated)
Coaxial cable signals
Two different mode:
Baseband mode
The available bandwidth is used to derive a single high bit rate
transmission path (channel). Each of 10Mbps or higher.
Broadband mode
The available bandwidth is devided to derive a number of lower
bandwidth subchannels (as transmission path) on one cable.
Mostly used in point-to-point or multipoint/multidrop configuration
(where the high bit rate transmission channel is time/frequency shared
by a number of systems)
Signal Types
Optical fiber signals
Used mainly in a point-to-point mode, but the transmission capacity
available may be utilized either for a single high bit rate channel or to
derive multiple lower bit rate channels on a single link
Satellite and radio
A number of different access control methods are used to control
access to the available capacity:
Random access; all stations compete for a transmission channel in a
random (uncontrolled) way
Fixed assignment; both the channel frequency and the channel time slot
are preassigned to each ground or cordless station
Demand assignment; when a station wishes to transmit data, it first
requests channel capacity from a central site which assigns the required
capacity (time slots) to the requesting station
Signal Types

Transmission Media

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lecture4 - transmission media 1

Komunikasi Data Interface minggu 4

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