WAVELENGTH ROUTING

NETWORKS
Second-generation optical networks

In first-generation networks, the electronics at a node
must handle not only all the data intended for that
node but also all the data that is being passed through
that node
In 2
nd
generation n/w data could be routed through in
the optical domain.
Second-generation optical networks have routing,
switching and intelligence in the optical layer.

WAVELENGTH ROUTING NETWORKS
WDM wavelength Routing Network
key network elements
optical line terminals
multiplexes multiple wavelengths into a single fiber and
demultiplexes a set of wavelengths on a single fiber into
separate fibers.
OLTs are used at the ends of a point-to-point WDM link.
optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs)
takes in signals at multiple wavelengths and selectively
drops some of these wavelengths and let others pass
through.
It also selectively adds wavelengths to the composite
outbound signal.
An OADM has two line ports where the composite
WDMsignals are present, and a number of local ports
where individual wavelengths are dropped and added .
WDM wavelength Routing Network ( contn.)
optical crossconnects(OXCs)
An OXC essentially performs a similar function as OADM
but at much larger sizes.
OXCs have a large number of ports (ranging from a few
tens to thousands) and are able to switch wavelengths
from one input port to another.
Both OADMs and OXCs may incorporate wavelength
conversion capabilities.


Features of WR network:
Wavelength reuse.:
multiple lightpaths in the network can use the same
wavelength, as long as they do not overlap on any link.
This spatial reuse capability allows the network to support
a large number of lightpaths using a limited number of
wavelengths.
Wavelength conversion.:
Lightpaths may undergo wavelength conversion along their
route. Wavelength conversion can improve the utilization
of wavelengths inside the network.
Wavelength conversion is also needed at the boundaries of
the network to adapt signals from outside the network
into a suitable wavelength for use inside the network.
Transparency.:
Transparency refers to the fact that the lightpaths can
carry data at a variety of bit rates, protocols, and made
protocol insensitive. This enables the optical layer to
support a variety of higher layers concurrently.
Circuit switching.:
The lightpaths provided by the optical layer can be set up
and taken down upon demand.
today these lightpaths, once set up, remain in the network
for months to years.
With the advent of new services and capabilities offered
by todays network equipment, this process is more
dynamic, both in terms of arrivals of lightpath requests
and durations of lightpaths.


Survivability.:
The network can be configured such that, in the
event of failures, lightpaths can be rerouted over
alternative paths automatically.
This provides a high degree of resilience in the
network.
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NODE DESIGNS
Degree of wavelength conversion
Multiple fiber networks
Degree of transparency
Realizations

Degree of wavelength conversion

Degree of wavelength conversion
Multiple fiber networks

Optical layer cost tradeoff
Design parameters that need to be considered in determining
the cost of the network:
Router ports:
use the minimum possible number of IP router ports to
support the given traffic.
minimizing the number of ports is same as minimizing the
number of lightpaths that must be set up to support the
traffic.
Wavelengths
At the same time, we would also like to use the minimum
possible number of wavelengths since using more
wavelengths incurs additional equipment cost in the
optical layer.
Optical layer cost tradeoff
Hops:
This parameter refers to the maximum number of
hops taken up by a lightpath.
For the PWDM ring, each lightpath takes up
exactly one hop.
more difficult to design the transmission system as
the number of hops increases ,which again
increases the cost of optical layer equipment.


Routing and wavelength
assignment
Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA)
problem is defined as follows.
Given a network topology and a set of end-
to-end lightpath requests determine a route
and wavelength(s) for the requests, using the
minimum possible number of wavelengths.


Routing and wavelength assignment
The RWA problem can be divided into a lightpath routing (LR)
problem and a wavelength assignment (WA) problem.
The LR problem is to find routes for a collection of lightpaths,
The objective of the LR problem is to minimize the
maximum, over all fiber links, of the number of lightpaths
using a fiber link.
An alternative objective of the LR problem is to minimize
some network cost such as bandwidth, ports, switching, or
regenerator cost.
The WA problem is, given a collection of lightpaths and their
routes, assign wavelengths to the lightpaths.
The objective is to minimize, over all fiber links, the
maximum wavelength used on a fiber link.

Routing and wavelength assignment
To solve the LR problem, route the lightpaths
one at a time in some order.
Routes can be computed by using shortest path
routing algorithms on the network topology.
The network topology has weights assigned to
each link, so that the shortest path is the least-
weight path.
The link weights are chosen so that the resulting
lightpath routes meet the objective of the LR
problem.

Routing and wavelength assignment
For the WA problem, the assignments must
obey the following constraints:
1. Two lightpaths must not be assigned the same
wavelength on a given link.
2. If no wavelength conversion is available in the
network, then a lightpath must be assigned the
same wavelength all along its route.

Routing and wavelength assignment
wavelength assignment Algorithm:
first fit.
It assumes that the wavelengths are numbered (e.g., 0, 1,
...), and it chooses the smallest numbered wavelength that
is available. This tends to pack lightpaths into lower-
numbered wavelengths and keeps higher-numbered
wavelengths free for future lightpaths.


RWA Algorithm
Random-1.
For a lightpath request between two nodes, choose at
random one of the available wavelengths on a fixed
shortest path between the two nodes.
Random-2.
Fix two shortest paths between every pair of nodes. For a
lightpath request between two nodes, choose at random
one of the available wavelengths on the first shortest path
between the two nodes. If no such wavelength is available,
choose at random one of the available wavelengths on the
second shortest path.

RWA Algorithm
Max-used-1.
For a lightpath request between two nodes, among the
available wavelengths on a fixed shortest path between
the two nodes, choose the one that is used the most
number of times in the network at that point of time.
Max-used-2.
Fix two shortest paths between every pair of nodes. For a
lightpath request between two nodes, among the available
wavelengths on the first shortest path between the two
nodes, choose the one that is used the most number of
times in the network at that point of time.
If no such wavelength is available, among the available
wavelengths on the second shortest path between the two
nodes, choose the one that is used the most number of
times in the network at that point of time.

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Wavelength Routing Test Beds
Africa ONE
AON
NTT Ring
MWTN
ONTC
Alcatels WDM Ring
MONET
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Africa ONE
The Africa optical network is a project to
deploy an undersea WDM/SDH ring around
the African continent.
The network consists of hub nodes
interconnected by two fiber pairs to form a
ring.
Upto 8 OADMs can be placed along this link

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Africa one
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AON
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AON
The all optical network consortium is an
example of a static wavelength routing
testbed.
The testbed has two level hierarchy.
Level 0 corresponds to a LAN and uses a
broadcast star architecture.
Level 1 corresponds to a MAN and uses a
single static wavelength cross connect
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AON
The testbed uses 20 wavelength. The odd
numbered wavelengths are used within level 0
and even numbered ones in level 1.
Each end node has a tunable transmitter and a
tunable receiver.
AON provides three service A, B and C.
30
AON
A service is a transparent service and uses a
tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter.
B service is a circuit-switched service that
provides pre assigned time slots on a
lightpath.
C service is a datagram service and runs out of
band at 1310nm band as a broadband
ethernet.
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NTT Ring
32
NTT Ring
NTTs testbed consists of a unidirectional ring,
with one working fiber and one protection
fiber.
The network has one hub node and several
access nodes.
The hub node sends out signals at N different
wavelengths, all multiplexed into the working
fiber.
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NTT Ring
There can be up to N access nodes.
At access node I, wavelength I is dropped and
added.
All communication between access node I and
hub node takes place through the wavelength
I.
34
MWTN
35
MWTN
MWTN- multi wavelength transport Network.
Both optical cross connect and add/drop
multiplexers were developed.
The previous picture shows an optical cross connect.
The switched tried where, lithium niobate switches,
semiconductor optical amplifier switches,and opto
mechanical switches.
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ONTC
37
ONTC
The optical network technology consortium
uses a reconfigurable wavelength routing
architecture.
The testbed consists of two interconnected
unidirectional rings.
Each ring has two nodes with one additional
common node.
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Alcatels WDM ring
Alcatel has demonstrated a two-fiber ring
network with OADMs
This architecture is a mix of optical switching
and electronic generators.
The regenerators provide wavelength
conversion and also retime the signal from link
to link
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Alcatels WDM ring
40
MONET
The goal of a MONET program is to develop a
field-hardened testbeds of wavelength routed
networks.
It consists of a local ring network with OADMs
interconnected to a long distance network via
an OXC
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MONET