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Rainwater Harvesting
Rain Water Harvesting?.
Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,
conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area for
beneficial use.
Storage in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-
groundwater
Hydrological Cycle

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What Is Rainwater Harvesting?
RWH technology consists of simple systems to collect, convey, and
store rainwater. Rainwater capture is accomplished primarily from
roof-top, surface runoff, and other surfaces.
RWH either captures stored rainwater for direct use (irrigation,
production, washing, drinking water, etc.) or is recharged into the
local ground water and is call artificial recharge.
In many cases, RWH systems are used in conjunction with Aquifer
Storage and Recovery (ASR). ASR is the introduction of RWH
collected rainwater to the groundwater / aquifer through various
structures in excess of what would naturally infiltrate then
recovered for use
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Why Rainwater Harvesting?
Conserve and supplement existing water resources
Available for capture and storage in most global locations
Potentially provide improved quality of water
Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a
supplemental supply source.
Capturing and directing storm water (run-off) and
beneficially use it
Commitment as a corporate citizen - showcasing
environmental concerns
Public Mandate (India)
Replenishing local ground water aquifers where lowering
of water tables has occured
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Why Not RWH?

Not applicable in all climate conditions over the world
Performance seriously affected by climate fluctuations that
sometimes are hard to predict
Increasingly sophisticated RWH systems (ASR) necessarily
increases complexities in cost, design, operation,
maintenance, size and regulatory permitting
Collected rainwater can be degraded with the inclusion of storm
water runoff
Collected water quality might be affected by external factors
Collection systems require monitoring and continuous
maintenance and improvement to maintain desired water
quality characteristics for water end-use
Certain areas will have high initial capital cost with low ROI
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Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface Water
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Lets take a look at
The Water Cycle
Consumption
Surface Runoff
Sea water intrusion
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Condensation
Precipitation
Surface Water
Consumption
Rainfall Definitions
Intensity Quantity per time of
the rainfall event (mm/hour)
Duration period of time for the
precipitation event
Average Annual and Monthly
Precipitation Average rainfall
over one year period and
monthly intervals and usually
based on 30 or more years of
data
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1 Roof
2 Screen
3 Discharge of water
4 Pre-filter
5 Storage tank
6 Flow meter
7 Storm water discharge
Raw water
tank or
Aquifer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Rain Water as Source Water
Design Considerations

Typical Diagram Recomendation
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Ground Water Recharge
Under natural conditions it may take days to centuries to recharge ground water
by rain water. As we need to replenish the pumped water, Artificial Recharge of
Ground water is required at some locations.
Appropriate
Technology
Water conservation
and groundwater
recharge techniques

Water harvesting
cum supplementary
irrigation
techniques in
Jhabua
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Ground catchments systems channel water from a prepared catchment
area into storage. Generally they are only considered in areas where
rainwater is very scarce and other sources of water are not available.
They are more suited to small communities than individual families. If
properly designed, ground catchment systems can collect large
quantities of rainwater.
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Storage
Storage devices may be either above or below ground
Different types include
Storage Tanks
Water Containers
Lagoons or Lined Ponds
Infiltration Ponds
Size based on rainfall pattern, demand, budget and area
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Percolation Pit
To divert rainwater into an
aquifer,

The percolation pit is covered
with a perforated concrete slab

The pit is filled with gravel/
pebbles followed by river sand
for better percolation.

The top layer of sand must be
cleaned and replaced at least
once in two years to remove
settled silt for improving the
percolation
Roof Rain Water Harvesting
Land based Rain Water Harvesting
Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
For Urban & Industrial Environment
Roof & Land based RWH
Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces
RWH Methodologies
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Recharge Wells
The runoff water from rooftops or
other catchments can be
channelized into an existing /new
well via sand filter to filter turbidity
and other pollutants

Abandoned wells can also be used

Cost-effective process, which not only
conserves rainwater for immediate
use but also helps to enhance the
local ground water situation
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Quality Issues
Roofs contain: bird droppings, atmospheric dust, industrial and
urban air pollution
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Storage tank dark materials to exclude light and algae
formation
Corrosion resistant materials
Tank in protected shaded area lower temperature
For multiple storage tanks design for frequent turnover
Regional wind direction and industrial activity Lead,
Mercury, other heavy metals
Operational Procedures and Design Considerations
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MANICURED
LAWN
POROUS PARKING
GARDEN
GREEN ROOF
GREEN ROOF
OZONATION
FILTRATION
BACKUP MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
RAIN WATER HARVESTING FOR OFFICES Developing a GREEN BUILDING
in Nairobi, Kenya
Concept & Design Principles
OVERFLOW
GROUND WATER
REPLENISHING
WELLS
RAIN WATER ACCUMULATION IN LIEU OF STORM WATER ATTENUATION POND
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PRINCIPLES OF A GREEN BUILDING - WATER

SYSTEM OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND GREY WATER ARE
COMBINED TO ACHIEVE THE FOLLOWING:

25% OF POTABLE WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION

100% OF POTABLE WATER PROVIDED BY RAIN

50% REDUCTION OF SEWER QUANTITIES