S. K.

CHAUDHARY EDUCATIONAL TRUSTs

SHANKARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KUKAS, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION










SESSION-(2012-2013)
PRESENTATION ON-PRASAR BHARATI(AKASHVANI),JAIPUR


PRESENTED TO:- PRESENTED BY:-
Mr. RAJESH KANWADIA SACHIN KUMAR JHA
Ms. SHWETA AGARWAL B.TECH.VII SEM
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ) ROLL NO:-09ESIEC104
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very glad to present this presentation on various
communication methods in prasar bharati akashvani.
I express my special thanks to Mr.ATUL GUPTA for providing
me the opportunity for internship in AKASHVANI Jaipur. I
even express my gratitude towards Mr.HARISH
PATSAARIYA my training coordinator and Mr. SUPRIYO
BANARRJI(technical engineer).
I wish to express my thanks to Mr. ASHUTOSH MISHRA
(H.O.D. of ECE Department), Mr. RAJESH KANWADIA
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR), Ms.SHWETA AGARWAL
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) and all the faculty of
SHANKARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY who helped
me providing us all the resources required for such a task .

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION OF A.I.R
STUDIO ACOUSTIC
OUTSIDE BROADCAST
RADIO NETWORKING TERMINAL
WAVE PROPAGATION
ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCY
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

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INTRODUCTION
The operations of All India Radio began formally in 1936,
as a government organization ,with clear objective to inform,educate
and entertain the masses.
When India attained Independence in 1947,AIR had a network of 6
stations and a complement of 18 transmitters.The coverage was the
2.5% of the area and just 11% of the population
AIR today has network of 232 broadcasting centers with 149 medium
frequency,54 high frequency and 171 FM transmitters.The coverage is
91.79% of the area.
AIR covers 24 languages and 146 dialects in home services.In external
services It covers 27 languages;17 national and 10 foregion languages.
ALL INDIA RADIO is one of the largest radio networks in the world.
The headquarters is at the Akashvani haven New Delhi.
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STUDIO ACOUSTIC
Acoustic treatment is provided in studios, control rooms, and other
technical areas in order to achieve the acoustic conditions .
Reflected waves can create echo effect in the room. To achieve
the desirable effects of the reflected sound, the dimensions and
shape of the room are decided with due care and acoustic
treatments are also provided on the various surfaces.
The hanging-on of the sound in a room after the exciting signal
has been removed, is called reverberation. So the reverberation
time is the main cause ,it damages the causticity of room. Too
much of reverberation may impair the quality of programmed.
Remedy: Acoustic absorbers are provided on the inner surfaces of
the room to achieve optimum R/T characteristics
Porous Materials: Mineral wool, glass wool, etc. are members of
this class. These materials are very good absorber and are most
effective in mid and high frequencies.
Design of room acoustic is calculated by eyeing's formula.


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OUTSIDE BROADCAST(OBs)
Major events that occur at different parts of a country, such as
sports events, cultural and national events and other such
programmed that originate from outside the broadcast studio
are covered as Ob.
Live broadcast and spot recordings are examples of Obs.
Different types of equipments used in OBs is OB amplifier,
Microphones, tape recorders.
OB amplifier is a portable mixing unit. Normally four low level
microphone inputs and one high level input from a PTR or UPTR,
can be mixed and controlled by this unit.
A tone generator providing three spot frequencies (75 Hz, 750 Hz
or 1 kHz, 7.5 kHz) is incorporated in this unit so that the frequency
response of the telephone line on which the programmed is fed
can be quickly checked at CR end and equalization done




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Microphone
Omni
directional
microphone
Omni-directional
microphones are sensitive to
sound from all directions
preferred in studio
recordings.

Radio/wireless
microphone
radio microphones are used
in locations where long
cable distances are involved
or where it is not possible to
lay the cable.

Use of wind
shields
When microphones are used
out of doors, in windily
conditions, wind shields are
used

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Tape recorders
Spot interview and glimpses of the various events
taking place in a particular city, are covered by spot
recordings done with Ultra Portable Tape Recorders
(UPTRs) and cassette tape recorders.
They are light weight battery operated recorders and
are provided with only headphone monitoring facility
in order to avoid the drain on the batteries.
Generally two sets of either dry cells or chargeable
cells are taken for the OB recordings, so that at least 30
minutes of recorded programmed is made feasible
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RADIO NETWORKING TERMINAL
The analog/digital radio networking receive terminal is used to
receive satellite radio signal to feed the relay transmitter or for
monitoring purpose. The basic system consists of a parabolic dish
antenna with feed, outdoor units (LNBC).
Composition of radio networking terminal
3.66m PDA
LNBC
LNBC change over
Coaxial cable
Cable assembly-3 core
Digital Audio Receiver with L Band input
Analog SCPCreceiver with L Band input
Cable assembly N (M) to F (M)


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Technical specification
Specification
Of
antenna
Specification
Of
L.N.B.C
Specification
Of
Analog
receiver
Specificati
on of
digital
receiver
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Specification of antenna
Type and Size :PDA (Perforated aluminum
alloy)3.66m
Receive Band : S - Band
Frequency Band : 2.5-2.7 GHz
Type of Mount : Elevation over Azimuth
V.S.W.R : 1.3 Max.
Wind Speed
Operational : 75 Kmph
Survival : 160 Kmph
Feed Impedance : 50 0

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Specification of LNBC

Input Frequency : S-Band (2.5-
2.7 GHz)
Output Frequency : L-Band (950-
1150 MHz)
Noise Temperature : < 45 K
Conversion Gain : >50 dB
Gain Flatness : < 2 dB p-p in any 40
MHz Band

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Specification of Analog receiver

Input Frequency : 950-1450 MHz
Input Impedance : 75
Transponder Tuning : 1-24
I.F Frequency Tuning : 50-90 MHz
Tuning Steps : 10 KHz
Demodulation : FM
De- Emphasis : 75 sec
Audio Expanding : 1:2
Audio Distortion : < 1%
Audio Frequency Response : 30 Hz-15 KHz
S/N : 65 dB
Audio Output Impedance : 600

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Specification of digital receiver

Input Frequency : 950-1450 MHz
Input Level : -30 to 70 dBm
Input Impedance : 75
De-modulation : QPSK
Mode : Mono, dual Mono, Joint Stereo
Receiver Eb/No (10
-5
BER) : 6.5dBHz (Threshold)
Audio Coding/Compression : ISO MPEG-1 Layer II
Audio Program Channel Rate : 128, 192, 256 Kbps
Audio Output Level : +9 dBm (max) adjustable
Audio Distortion : < 0.5 % ( at +9dBm O/P)
Frequency Response : +/- 1.0 dB (20 Hz 20 KHz)
S/N : Better than 75 dB
Cross talk : Better than 75 dB
Audio Output Channel : L, R, L+R [8]


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BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF S-BAND ANALOG/DIGITAL R N TERMINAL
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Ground wave
Practical importance at broadcast and lower frequencies,
guided along the surface of the earth.
This mode of propagations exist when the transmitting and
receiving antennas are close to the surface of the earth.
It is produce by the vertical antennas.
It is used upto 2MHz frequency.
It is also called medium wave propagation.
Surface wave depends not only on frequency but power also.
Transmission can be increase by increasing the power also.
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SKY WAVE OR IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
The range of sky wave propagation is 2to 30MHz.
It is also known as short wave & point to point
communication.
In this comm.E.M wave reflects from the ionosphere layer
Global communication is also possible with the multiple
reflections of sky waves.
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I O N O S P H E R E
SPACE WAVE PROPAGATION
It is used at VHF,UHF and microwave frequencies.
Frequency used is 30MHz to 300MHz.
E.M waves from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving
antenna either directly or after reflections from ground in the
earth troposphere.
Troposphere layer extends 16 km from the earth surface
It is also known as LOS propagation,in LOS transmitting and
receiving antenna can see each other.
The curvature of earth and the height of the transmitting and
receiving antennas determines max. range of
communication.
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TROPOSPHERIC SCATTER
PROPAGATION
In this wave propagate much beyond the line of
sight propagation through the forward scattering.
It is also known as troposcatter
The communication range is 160km to 1600 km by
using high power transmitter.
Range of frequency is 100MHz to 10GHz.
In this two antennas are so pointed that their beams
intersect midway between them above the horizon.
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VIRTUAL HEIGHT
As the electromagnetic wave is refracted, it is bent
down gradually, rather than sharply. However, below
the ionised layer, the path of the incident and
reflected rays is exactly same as if reflection has
taken place from a surface located at a greater
height called the Virtual Height of this layer. Once
the Virtual Height is known, the angle of incidence
required for the wave to return to the ground at a
selected spot can be calculated easily.
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FADING
Fading is the fluctuation in signal strength at a
receiver, and may be rapid or slow, general or
frequency selective. Fading is due to interference
between two waves which left the same source but
arrived at the destination by different paths.
Because the signal received at any instant is the
vector sum of all the waves received, alternate
cancellation and reinforcement will result, if there is a
path difference as large as a half wave length.
Fluctuation is more likely with smaller wavelengths,
i.e., at higher frequencies.
Fading can be due to the occurrence of
interference between the lower and the upper rays
of a sky wave
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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Penetration of frequencies beyond 30 Mega Hertz through
ionosphere force people to think that if an object (Reflector)
could be placed in the space above ionosphere then it could be
possible to use complete spectrum for communication purpose.
Advantages: Satellite can be used for two way communication
or broadcast purpose with the covered area.
Satellites are capable of handling very high bandwidth.
Normally any satellite can accommodate about 500 MHz in C
Band
It is possible to provide large coverage using satellite. For
example Geostationary satellite can cover about 42% of earth
surface using global beam.

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Satellite Earth Station Uplink /
Downlink Chain

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CONCLUSION
Broadcasting in India is being a nation service constitute the
most powerful medium of mass comm..It play significant
role as a medium of info & education. In the developing
country of India through its broadcasting AIR seek to
promote education, national integration & also develop
various aspect of India culture. It also give timely assistance
to public & gov. department by quick dissemination of info.
During natural dimities.
In this way I got an idea about how different elements work
together for radio broadcasting and reception
I got chance to learn about satellite communication and got
an implemented view of various device n principle.
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REFERENCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone
K.d prasad,Antenna and wave propagation,third
edition2010-2011,page n.1102 topic
11.4,11.6,11.7,11.12,11.16.5
K.d prasad, Antenna and wave propagation,third
edition2010-2011,page n.685 topic n.8.1
http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~jain/cis788-
97/ftp/satellite_nets.pdf
Satellite communication, chapter 13,STI(T)
publication,page n. 169,002/IC(G)2006.

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