L1 - June 14 MOM

Russell C.
Hibbeler

Chapter 1: Stress
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
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Contents
Concept of Stress
Review of Statics
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Component Free-Body Diagram
Method of Joints
Stress Analysis
Design
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
Centric & Eccentric Loading
Shearing Stress
Shearing Stress Examples
Bearing Stress in Connections
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Pin Shearing Stresses
Pin Bearing Stresses
Stress in Two Force Members
Stress on an Oblique Plane
Maximum Stresses
Stress Under General Loadings
State of Stress
Factor of Safety
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Concept of Stress
The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to
provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the
determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress.

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7
th
Edition
Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship
between the external loads on a body and the
intensity of the internal loads within the body.

This subject also involves the deformations and
stability of a body when subjected to external forces.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Forces
1.Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact
of other bodys surface

2.Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact

Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces
and a balance of moments

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin
O,

Best way to account for these forces is to draw
the bodys free-body diagram (FBD).
0 M 0 F = =
O
0 , 0 , 0
0 , 0 , 0
= = =
= = =

z y x
z y x
M M M
F F F
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Review of Statics
The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports
The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
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Structure Free-Body Diagram
Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
A
y
and C
y
can not be determined from
these equations
( ) ( )( )
kN 30
0 kN 30 0
kN 40
0
kN 40
m 8 . 0 kN 30 m 6 . 0 0
= +
= + = =
= =
+ = =
=
= =
y y
y y y
x x
x x x
x
x C
C A
C A F
A C
C A F
A
A M
Conditions for static equilibrium:
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Component Free-Body Diagram
In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Results:
| = = = kN 30 kN 40 kN 40
y x
C C A
Reaction forces are directed along boom
and rod
( )
0
m 8 . 0 0
=
= =
y
y B
A
A M
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
kN 30 =
y
C
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
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Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
kN 50 kN 40
3
kN 30
5 4
0
= =
= =
=
BC AB
BC AB
B
F F
F F
F
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
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Stress Analysis
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
MPa 165
all
= o
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
MPa 159
m 10 314
N 10 50
2 6 -
3
=
= =
A
P
BC
o
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
d
BC
= 20 mm
From a statics analysis
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression)
F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
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Design
Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (o
all
= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
( )
mm 2 . 25 m 10 52 . 2
m 10 500 4 4
4
m 10 500
Pa 10 100
N 10 50
2
2 6
2
2 6
6
3
= =
= =
=
=
= = =
t t
t
o
o
A
d
d
A
P
A
A
P
all
all
An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Internal Resultant Loadings
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force
and moment acting within a body.
In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
beam.
Solution:
Free body Diagram
m N 180
9
270
6
= = w
w
Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,
Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,
( )( ) N 540 6 180
2
1
= = F
which acts from C
( ) m 2 6
3
1
=
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Solution:
Equations of Equilibrium
( )
(Ans) m N 0 108
0 2 540 ; 0
(Ans) 540
0 540 ; 0
(Ans) 0
0 ; 0
=
= = +
=
= = | +
=
= = +
C
C C
C
C y
C
C x
M
M M
V
V F
N
N F
Applying the equations of equilibrium we have
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Example 1.5
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the
pipe. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical force of
50 N and a couple moment of 70 Nm at its end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Solution
Free-Body Diagram
( )( )( )
( )( )( ) N 525 . 24 81 . 9 25 . 1 2
N 81 . 9 81 . 9 5 . 0 2
= =
= =
AD
BD
W
W
Calculating the weight of each segment of pipe,
Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,
( )
( )
( )
( ) (Ans) N 3 . 84
0 50 525 . 24 81 . 9 ; 0
(Ans) 0 ; 0
(Ans) 0 ; 0
=
= =
= =
= =
x B
z B z
y B y
x B x
F
F F
F F
F F
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) (Ans) 0 ; 0
(Ans) m N 8 . 77
0 25 . 1 50 625 . 0 525 . 24 ; 0
(Ans) m N 3 . 30
0 25 . 0 81 . 9 5 . 0 525 . 24 5 . 0 50 70 ; 0
= =
=
= + + =
=
= + =
z B z B
y B
y B y B
x B
x B x B
M M
M
M M
M
M M
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
We will consider the material to be continuous.
This intensity of internal force at a point is called
stress.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Stress
Normal Stress
Force per unit area acting normal to A

Shear Stress
Force per unit area acting tangent to A
A
F
z
A
z
A
A
=
A 0
lim o
A
F
A
F
y
A
zy
x
A
zx
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
0
0
lim
lim
t
t
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to
axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected
to normal stress.
Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,

Equilibrium
2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
A
P
A P
dA dF
A
=
=
=
} }
o
o
o

= average normal stress
P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of bar
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The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
} }
= = =
A
ave
dA dF A P o o
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
A
P
A
F
ave
A
=
A
A
=
A
o o
0
lim
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
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If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.
Centric & Eccentric Loading
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Example 1.6
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.
Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.
Solution:
By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,
kN 30 =
BC
P
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,
the largest average normal stress is
( )
( )( )
(Ans) MPa 7 . 85
01 . 0 035 . 0
10 30
3
= = =
A
P
BC
BC
o
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
3
kN/m 80 =
st
Example 1.8
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of
. Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.
Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is
( )( ) ( )
kN 042 . 8
0 2 . 0 8 . 0 80
0 ; 0
2
=
=
= = | +

P
P
W P F
st z
t
The average compressive stress becomes
( )
(Ans) kN/m 0 . 64
2 . 0
042 . 8
2
2
= = =
t
o
A
P
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Average Shear Stress
The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.

2 different types of shear:

A
V
avg
= t
= average shear stress
P = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section
a) Single Shear b) Double Shear
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Shearing Stress Examples
A
F
A
P
= =
ave
t
Single Shear
A
F
A
P
2
ave
= = t
Double Shear
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Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
d t
P
A
P
= =
b
o
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
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Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
From a statics analysis:
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression)
F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
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Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40
kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
( )( )
MPa 167
m 10 300
10 50
m 10 300 mm 25 mm 40 mm 20
2 6
3
,
2 6
=
= =
= =
N
A
P
A
end BC
o
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10
-6
m
2
) is o
BC
= +159
MPa.
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The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2 6
2
2
m 10 491
2
mm 25

=
|
.
|
\
|
= = t tr A
MPa 102
m 10 491
N 10 50
2 6
3
,
=
= =

A
P
ave C
t
The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC,
The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
MPa 7 . 40
m 10 491
kN 20
2 6
,
=
= =

A
P
ave A
t
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Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
(largest) kN 25
kN 15
=
=
G
E
P
P
MPa 9 . 50
m 10 491
kN 25
2 6
,
=
= =

A
P
G
ave B
t
Evaluate the corresponding average
shearing stress,
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Pin Bearing Stresses
To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
( )( )
MPa 3 . 53
mm 25 mm 30
kN 40
= = =
td
P
b
o
To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,
we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
( )( )
MPa 0 . 32
mm 25 mm 50
kN 40
= = =
td
P
b
o
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Stress in Two Force Members
Will show that either axial or
transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
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Pass a section through the member forming
an angle u with the normal plane.
u u
u
u
t
u
u
u
o
u
u
cos sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
0
0
2
0
0
A
P
A
P
A
V
A
P
A
P
A
F
= = =
= = =
The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are
Stress on an Oblique Plane
u u sin cos P V P F = =
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
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The maximum normal stress occurs when the
reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
0
0
m
= ' = t o
A
P
The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
+ 45
o
with respect to the axis,
o t ' = = =
0 0
2
45 cos 45 sin
A
P
A
P
m
Maximum Stresses
u u t u o cos sin cos
0
2
0
A
P
A
P
= =
Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
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Stress Under General Loadings
A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
For equilibrium, an equal and
opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
A
V
A
V
A
F
x
z
A
xz
x
y
A
xy
x
A
x
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
=
A A
A
lim lim
lim
0 0
0
t t
o
The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
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Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
It follows that only 6 components of stress are
required to define the complete state of stress
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
0
0
= = =
= = =

z y x
z y x
M M M
F F F
( ) ( )
yx xy
yx xy z
a A a A M
t t
t t
=
A A = =
0
zy yz zy yz
t t t t = = and similarly,
Consider the moments about the z axis:
State of Stress
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Factor of Safety
stress allowable
stress ultimate
safety of Factor
all
u
= =
=
o
o
FS
FS
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material.
Factor of safety considerations:
uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to structures
integrity
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Example 1.12
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine
the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.
Solution:
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are
( )
( ) N 2400 0 3000 ; 0
N 1800 0 3000 ; 0
5
4
5
3
= = = | +
= = = +
BC BC y
AB AB x
F F F
F F F
Chapter 1: Stress
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Edition
The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is
Solution:
N 1800 ; 0 = = +

V F
x
Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are
( )( )
( )( )
(Ans) N/mm 20 . 1
40 50
2400
(Ans) N/mm 80 . 1
40 25
1800
2
2
= =
= =
BC
AB
o
o
( )( )
(Ans) N/mm 60 . 0
40 75
1800
2
= =
avg
t
Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual
stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable
load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure
load divided by the allowable load
allow
fail
allow
fail
allow
fail
S F
S F
F
F
S F
t
t
o
o
=
=
=
.
.
.
Chapter 1: Stress
th
Edition
Example 1.14
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5 mm the
required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
. Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.
Solution:
For equilibrium we have
MPa 55 =
allowable
t
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) kN 30 0 25 15 ; 0
kN 5 0 25 15 ; 0
kN 15 0 125 . 0 25 075 . 0 15 2 . 0 ; 0
5
3
5
4
5
3
= = = + |
= = + = +
= = = = +
y y
y
x x
x
AB AB
C
C C F
C C F
F F M
Chapter 1: Stress
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Edition
Solution:
The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,
( ) ( ) kN 41 . 30 30 5
2 2
= =
C
F
mm 8 . 18
mm 45 . 246
2

m 10 45 . 276
10 55
205 . 15
2
2 6
3
2
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =

d
d
V
A
allowable
t
t
The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of 15.205 kN acts over its cross-
sectional area between the arm and each supporting leaf for the pin.

The required area is
Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)
Chapter 1: Stress
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Edition
Example 1.17
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an
aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm
2
. The 18-mm-diameter
pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is and respectively, and the failure
shear stress for each pin is , determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.
Solution:
The allowable stresses are
( ) MPa 680 =
fail st
o
( )
( )
( )
( )
MPa 450
2
900
. .
MPa 35
2
70
. .
MPa 340
2
680
. .
= = =
= = =
= = =
S F
S F
S F
fail
allow
fail al
allow al
fail st
allow st
t
t
o
o
o
o
( ) MPa 70 =
fail al
o
MPa 900 =
fail
t
Chapter 1: Stress
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Edition
There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,
Solution:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (2) 0 75 . 0 2 ; 0
(1) 0 2 25 . 1 ; 0
= = +
= = +
P F M
F P M
B A
AC B
We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the rod,
block, and pins, respectively.
For rod AC, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | kN 8 . 106 01 . 0 10 340
2
6
= = = t o
AC allow st AC
A F
Using Eq. 1,
( )( )
kN 171
25 . 1
2 8 . 106
= = P
For block B,
( ) ( ) ( ) | | kN 0 . 63 10 1800 10 35
6 6
= = =

B allow al B
A F o
Using Eq. 2,
( )( )
kN 168
75 . 0
2 0 . 63
= = P
Chapter 1: Stress
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Edition
Solution:
For pin A or C, ( ) ( ) | | kN 5 . 114 009 . 0 10 450
2
6
= = = = t t A F V
allow AC
Using Eq. 1,
( )( )
kN 183
25 . 1
2 5 . 114
= = P
When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal
stress in the aluminium block. Hence,
(Ans) kN 168 = P

L1 - June 14 MOM

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L1 - June 14 MOM

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Russell C.

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

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