 Know the different types of numbers

 Describe positional notation

 Convert numbers in other bases to base 10
 Convert base 10 numbers into numbers of other
bases
 Describe the relationship between bases 2, 8,
and 16
 Explain computing and bases that are powers of
2

24
6
Natural Numbers
Zero and any number obtained by repeatedly adding
one to it.

Examples: 100, 0, 45645, 32

Negative Numbers
A value less than 0, with a – sign

Examples: -24, -1, -45645, -32

Integers
A natural number, a negative number, zero

Examples: 249, 0, - 45645, - 32

Rational Numbers
An integer or the quotient of two integers

Examples: -249, -1, 0, ¼ , - ½

3
 20 = 1
 21 = 2
 22 = 2 x 2 =4
 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
 x5 + x10 = x15
 1 / x2 = x -2
 Base: 10
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Representation

5234
 Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
5 2 3 4
 Example: 523410

 103 = 1000 102 = 100 101 = 10 100 = 1

5 2 3 4

5,234 = 5 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 4 x

1
 
Continuing with our example…
642 in base 10 positional notation is:

6 x 10² = 6 x 100 = 600

+ 4 x 10¹ = 4 x 10 = 40
+ 2 x 10º = 2 x 1 = 2 = 642 in
base 10
The power indicates
This number is in the position of
base 10 the number
 As a formula:

 dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R + d1

d is the digit in the

n is the number of R is the base
ith position
digits in the number of the number
in the number

642 is:  63 * 102 +  42 * 10 +  21

What if 642 has the base of 13?

+ 6 x 13² = 6 x 169 = 1014

+ 4 x 13¹ = 4 x 13 = 52
+ 2 x 13º = 2 x 1 = 2
= 1068 in base 10

642 in base 13 is equivalent to 1068 in base 10

 Base: 2
 Digits: 0, 1

 binary number: 1101012

positional powers of 2: 25 24 23 22 21
20
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4
2 1
binary number: 1 1 0 1 0
1
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number
010110 ?
1 x 26 = 1 x 64 = 64
+ 1 x 25 = 1 x 32 = 32
+ 0 x 24 = 0 x 16 =0
+ 1 x 23 = 1x8 =8
+ 1 x 22 = 1x4 =4
+ 1 x 21 = 1x2 =2
+ 0 x 2º = 0x1 =0
= 112 in base 10
To convert to base 10, add all the values
where a one digit occurs.
Ex: 1101012
positional powers of 2: 25 24 23 22 21
20
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4
2 1
binary number: 1 1 0 1 0
1
32 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 5310
Ex: 1010112
positional powers of 2: 25 24 23 22 21
20
decimal positional value:
binary number:
The Division Method. Divide by 2 until you reach
zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
  Ex 1: 5610 = 1110002
2 ) 56 Rem:
2 ) 28 0
2 ) 14 0
2) 7 0
2) 3 1
2) 1 1
0 1
Ex 2: 3510 =

2 ) Rem:
2 )
2 )
2 )
2 )
2 )
Answer: 3510 = 2
 
The Subtraction Method:
Subtract out largest power of 2 possible
(without going below zero) each time until
you reach 0. Place a one in each position
where you were able to subtract the value,
and a 0 in each position that you could not
subtract out the value without going below
zero.
Ex 1: 5610
56 26 | 25 24 23 22 21 20
- 32 64 | 32 16 8 4 2 1
24 | 1 1 1 0 0 0
- 16
8
- 8
0
  Answer: 5610 = 1110002
Ex 2: 3810
38 26 | 25 24 23 22 21 20
|
|

  Answer: 3810 = 2
Rightmost Leftmost Three Bits
Four Bits 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NUL DLE Space 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y I y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
Ex: Find the binary ASCII and decimal ASCII values for the ‘&’
character.
 
Rightmost Leftmost Three Bits
Four Bits 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NUL DLE Space 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y I y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
From the chart:
‘&’ = 0100110 (binary ASCII value)

Convert the binary value to decimal:

01001102 = 32 + 4 + 2 = 3810
 
Therefore:
‘&’ = 38 (decimal ASCII value)
 Base: 8
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

 Octal number: 12468

powers of : 84 83 82 81 80
decimal value: 4096 512 64 8 1
Octal number: 1 2 4 6
To convert to base 10, beginning with the
rightmost digit multiply each nth digit by 8(n-
1), and add all of the results together.

Ex: 12468
positional powers of 8: 83 82 81 80
decimal positional value: 512 64 8 1
Octal number: 1 2 4 6
512 + 128 + 32 + 6 = 67810
Ex: 103528
positional powers of 8: 84 83 82 81
80
decimal positional value:
Octal number:
The Division Method. Divide by 8 until you reach
zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
  Ex 1: 433010 = 103528
8 ) 4330 Rem:
8 ) 541 2
8 ) 67 5
8) 8 3
8) 1 0
0 1
Ex 2: 81010 =

8 ) 810 Rem:
8 )
8 )
8 )

Answer: 81010 = 8
 
Ex 1: 201810
84 | 83 82 81 80
4096 | 512 64 8 1
| 3 7 4 2

Answer: 201810 = 37428

Ex 2: 76510
765 84 | 83 82 81 80
|
|

  Answer: 76510 = 8
 Base: 16
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

 Hexadecimal number: 1F416

powers of : 164 163 162 161 160
decimal value: 65536 4096 256 16 1
Hexadecimal number: 1 F 4
Four-bit Group Decimal Digit Hexadecimal Digit
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E
1111 15 F
To convert to base 10, beginning with the
rightmost digit multiply each nth digit by
16(n-1), and add all of the results together.
Ex: 1F416
positional powers of 16: 163 162 161
160
decimal positional value: 4096 256 16
1
Hexadecimal number: 1 F
4
256 + 240 + 4 = 50010
Ex: 7E16
positional powers of 16: 163 162 161
160
decimal positional value:
Hexa number:
What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal
number DEF?

D x 16² = 13 x 256 = 3328

+ E x 16¹ = 14 x 16 = 224
+ F x 16º = 15 x 1 = 15
= 3567 in base 10

Remember, base 16 is
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
The Division Method. Divide by 16 until you
reach zero, and then collect the remainders in
reverse.
  Ex 1: 12610 = 7E16
16) 126 Rem:
16) 7 14=E
0 7
Ex 2: 81010 =

16 ) 810 Rem:
16 )
16 )

Answer: 81010 = 16
 
Ex 1: 81010
163 | 162 161 160
4096 | 256 16 1
| 3 2 A

Answer: 81010 = 32A16

Ex 2: 15610
156 162 | 161 160
|
|

Answer: 15610 = 16
Since the maximum value represented in 3 bit is equal to:
23 – 1 = 7
i.e. using 3 bits we can represent values from 0 –7
which are the digits of the Octal numbering system.
Thus, three binary digits can be converted to one octal
digit.
Three-bit Group Decimal Digit Octal Digit
000 0 0
001 1 1
010 2 2
011 3 3
100 4 4
101 5 5
110 6 6
111 7 7
Ex :
Convert 7428 = 2

7 = 111
4 = 100
2 = 010

7428 = 111 100 0102

Ex :
Convert 101001102 = 8

110 = 6
100 = 4
010 = 2 ( pad empty digits with 0)

101001102 = 2468
Since the maximum value represented in 4 bit is equal to:
24 – 1 = 15
i.e. using 4 bits we can represent values from 0 –15
which are the digits of the Hexadecimal numbering
system.
Thus, Four binary digits can be converted to one
Hexadecimal digit.
Four-bit Group Decimal Digit Hexadecimal Digit
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E
1111 15 F
Ex :
Convert 3D98 = 2

3 = 0011
D = 1101
9 = 1001

3D98 = 0011 1101 10012

Ex :
Convert 101001102 = 8

0110 = 6
1010 = A

101001102 = A616
 To convert between Octal to Hexadecimal
numbering systems and visa versa convert from
one system to binary first then convert from
binary to the new numbering system
Ex :
Convert E8A16 = 8

1110 1000 10102

111 010 001 010 (group by 3 bits)

7 2 1 2

E8A16 = 72178
Ex :
Convert 7528 = 16

111 101 0102 (group by 4 bits)

0001 1110 1010

1 E A

7528 = 1EA16
 Convert Hexadecimal number to binary,
giving a group of FOUR BITS for each Hex
digit
 Cut the bits into groups of three, starting

from the left.

 Convert Groups of three bits to OCTAL
 3 A  Hex 3A

0011 1010  Convert to 4-bit binary

000 111 010  Group into 3-bit binary

072  Convert to Octal

 Convert OCTAL number to binary, giving
a group of THREE BITS for each Octal
digit
 Cut the bits into groups of FOUR, starting

from the left.

 Convert groups of four into HEXIDECIMAL
 3 7 2  Octal 372

011 111 010  Convert to 3-bit binary

1111 1010  Group into 4-bit binary

F A  Convert to Hex
• Remember: there are only 2 digits in binary:
0 and 1
• Position is key, carry values are used:

1 11111 Carry Values

1010111
+1 0 0 1 0 1 1
10100010
Remember borrowing?
Apply that concept here:

1 2
202
1010111
- 111011
0011100