KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS

NORAIHAN BINTI SALLEH HUDIN

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES, UTHM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this chapter are to impart
students:
With the basic knowledge in kinematics and
dynamics.
With the concept of kinematics and dynamics in
technical engineering courses.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this chapter, students should be able to:
Differentiate between linear and non-linear motion and
their examples in everyday life.
Able to perform analysis and calculation on problems
in linear motion with constant acceleration.
Identify types of forces exists.
Differentiate the three Newtons Law of motion.
Compute the magnitude and direction of forces using
free-body diagram (FBD) method.
Manipulate the forces concept in solving dynamics
problems.
INTRODUCTION
Everyday life deals a lot with motion, linear and
non-linear.
Kinematics is the study of positions and
motions of objects in space as the function of
time.
Dynamics is the study of the effects of forces on
the motion of an object with mass.
CONTENT:
4.1 Reference Frame and Coordinate System
4.2 Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
4.3 Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration
4.4 Linear Motion in 2-Dimension: The Projectile Motion.
4.5 The Concepts of Force
4.6 Newtons Laws
4.7 The Concept of Mass and Weight
4.8 Linear Momentum
4.9 Applications of Newtons Law of Motion
4.1 REFERENCE FRAME &
COORDINATE SYSTEM

What we see is usually different from what other
people see on the same event.
A stationary person observes differently than a moving
observer.
We can avoid confusion if we can carefully specify the
location and motion of each observer.
We can say that the different observer is in different
reference frame.
A reference frame is the local surrounding such as the
ground, a room or a moving train to which we refer the
position and motion of objects.
Within such a frame, the coordinate system permits
the measurement of the position.
4.2 DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY &
ACCELERATION
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to how
long is the path taken for an object to move from
its initial position to final position.
Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to
how far is the final position of an object from its
initial position.
Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to how fast
an object is moving.


Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to the rate
at which an object changes its position (taking into
account its speed and direction).
Average speed =
Distance
Time taken
Average velocity =
Displacement
Time taken
Acceleration is a vector quantity that refers to
the rate at which an object changes its velocity.
An object is accelerating if it is changing its
velocity.



Constant acceleration is when an object is
changing its velocity at a constant rate.
Graphical interpretation for linear motion:
Displacement-Time graph
Velocity-Time graph
Acceleration =
Final velocity Initial velocity
Time taken
Displacement-Time Graph
Gradient of the graph
represents the velocity
of the object.
Velocity-Time Graph
Gradient of the graph
represents the
acceleration of the
object.

Area under graph
represents the distance
covered by the object.
4.3 LINEAR MOTION WITH
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
This is the case study of a motion of an object along a
straight line under constant acceleration.
Physical quantities related to these problems are:
Distance, s
Initial velocity, u
Final velocity, v
Acceleration, a
Equations that are used to solve problems involving
linear motion with constant accelerations are:
DISTANCE
VELOCITY
1
( )
2
s u v t = +
2
1
2
s ut at = +
v u at = +
2 2
2 v u as = +
Example:
A car travelling on a straight road increases its speed from 20
km/h to 100 km/h in 45 s. What is the distance covered by
the car?

Solution:
u = 20 km/h
v = 100 km/h
t = 45 s =0.0125 h


1
( )
2
1
(20 / 100 / ) (0.0125 )
2
0.75
s u v t
s km h km h h
s km
= +
= +
=
Example:
A drag racer starting from rest accelerates in a straight line at a
constant rate of 5.5 ms
-2
for 6 s.
a) What is the racers velocity at the end of this time?
b) If a parachute deployed at this time causes the racer to slow
down uniformly as 2.4 ms
-2
, how long will the racer take to
come to a stop?

Solution:
a = 5.5 ms
-2
t = 6 s
u = 0 ms-1

2
1
0 (5.5 6 )
33
v u
a
t
v u at
ms s
ms

=
= +
= +
=
a)
b) a = -2.4 ms
-2
u = 33 ms
-1
v = 0 ms
-1

1
2
(0 33)
2.4
13.75
v u
a
t
v u
t
a
ms
ms
s

=
Example:
1. Two riders on buggies sit 10 m apart on long, straight
track, facing opposite direction. Starting at the same time,
both riders accelerate at a constant rate of 2 ms
-2
. How far
apart will the buggies be after 3 s? (Answer: 28 m)
2. A train at rest starts to move from one station and stop at
another station after 18 minutes. In the first 2 minutes, it
moves with constant acceleration of 0.2 ms
-2
. After that its
speed is constant until it is stopped by a constant
deceleration for 1 minute.
a) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion.
b) Determine the distance between the two station.
(Answer: 23.76 km)
FREE FALL MOTION
A motion of object moving downward solely under the
influence of gravity.
Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.8ms
-2
(downward)
For upward motion:
Gravitational acceleration, g is negative
For downward motion:
Gravitational acceleration, g is positive
At maximum height, the velocity equals to 0 ms
-1
.
The velocity of an object is the same at the same height
during upward and downward motion.
Time taken for an object to travel from ground to maximum
height is equal to the time taken for the object to travel to
from maximum height to ground.
Example:
1. A rock is thrown with the speed of 49 ms-1 vertically upward from the edge of a
cliff 117.6 m high. Calculate:
a) The maximum height reached by the rock from the cliff. (Answer: 122.5 m)
b) The time taken to reach maximum height.(Answer: 5 s)
c) The total time taken for the rock to fall to the ground from maximum height.
(Answer: 7 s)
d) The rocks velocity just before it strikes the ground. (Answer: 68.6 ms
-1
)

2. A stone of thrown from the ground vertically upward with a speed of 30 ms
-1
.
Determine the time interval between two instances when the stone is thrown at
the same height of 25 m above the ground. Take g = 10 ms
-2
. (Answer: 4 s)

3. An object is thrown vertically upward at the speed of 20 ms-1 from point P 25 m
above the ground. Sketch:
a) The displacement- graph time.
b) the velocity-time graph.


4.4 LINEAR MOTION IN 2D:
THE PROJECTILE MOTION
Can be analyzed by resolving the motion into x-
and y-component.
Projectile motion has constant velocity along x-
component, which means a
x
= 0 ms
-2
.
The motion is solely under the influence of
gravitational acceleration, a
y
= 9.81 ms
-2
.

u
x
= u cos
v
x
= v cos
u
y
= u sin
v
y
= v sin
h
max
v
y
= 0
x
max
a
x
= 0
a
y
= 9.8 ms
-2
GRAPHICAL MOTION OF PROJECTILE MOTION
Example:
Suppose a golf ball is hot off the tee with initial velocity of 30 ms
-1
at an
angle of 35 to the horizontal.
a) What is the maximum height, h
max
reached by the ball?
b) What is the range, x
max
?

Solution:
u
x
= (30 cos 35) ms
-1
= 24.57 ms-1
u
y
= (30 sin 35) ms
-1
= 17.21 ms-1

a) At maximum height, v
y
= 0 ms
-1
.
2 2
2 2
2
(0) (17.21) 2( 9.8)
0 296.18 19.6
296.18
15.11
19.6
v u as
s
s
s m
= +
= +
=

= =

b)
0 17.21
1.76
9.81
y y
y
y y
y
v u
a
t
v u
t s
a

= = =

Total flight time = 2t = 2(1.76 s)

= 3.52 s
2
1
1
; 0
2
(24.57 )(3.52 )
86.5
x x x x
x
s u t a t a
s ms s
m

= + =
=
=
Example:
A ball is projected from top of a 25 m building and is thrown with initial
horizontal velocity of 8.25 ms
-1
.
a) How long is the flight time of the ball before striking the ground?
b) How far from the wall of the building does the ball land?

Solution:
h
max
= 25 m
u
x
= 8.25 ms-1
a
y
= 9.8 ms-2

a)

2 1
2
1
; 0
2
1
25 ( 98)
2
2.26
y y y y
s u t a t u ms
t
t s

= + =
=
=
b)
2 2
1
1
; 0
2
(8.25 )(2.26 )
18.65
x x x x
x
x
s u t a t a ms
s ms s
s m

= + =
=
=
Example:
1. A cannon position on the roof top of a 9 m building in height is
directed horizontally. If a shell is fired at a speed of 150 ms
-1
:
a) How far will the shell be from the wall of the building when it hits the
ground? (Answer: s
x
= 203.3 m)
b) What is the speed of the shell before it strikes the ground?
(Answer: v = 150.6 ms
-1
)

2. An object is thrown upward at a speed of 30 ms
-1
at an angle 60.
Determine:
a) The time taken by the object to reach maximum height.
(Answer: t = 2.6s)
b) The maximum height reached. (Answer: 33.8 m)
c) The maximum range, s
x
. (Answer: s
x
= 77.9 m)
d) The time taken for the object to reach the height of 30 m.
(Answer: t = 1.73 s or 3.47 s)
e) The velocity of the object at height 30m. (Answer: v = 17.3 ms
-1
)
Use g = 10 ms
-2
.

4.5 THE CONCEPT OF FORCE
A force may be thought of as any influence which
tends to change the motion of an object.
Practically, force can be defined as a push or a pull.
The SI unit for force is Newton, N.
Force is a vector quantity, which means it has
magnitude and direction.
Another definition of force is by stating Newtons
second law, which states that force is the result of
the multiplication of mass and acceleration.
4.6 NEWTONS LAWS
Newtons laws of motion are three physical laws
which provide relationships between forces
acting on a body and the motion of the body.
They were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton.
The laws form the basis of classical mechanics.
The three Newtons laws are related to inertia,
force and friction.
NEWTONS FIRST LAW: INERTIA
States that: An object at rest will remain at rest and
an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the
same speed and in the same direction unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
There are two parts in this statement:
The behavior of a stationary object.
The behavior of moving object.
In other words, they can be described by saying that
objects tend to keep on doing what they are doing
(unless acted upon by an unbalanced force).

INERTIA
Definition: the tendency of objects to resist changes
in their state of motion.
Passengers in a car tend to slide forward when the
brake is applied and the car slows down, especially
during emergency brake. The passengers are
experiencing inertia.
Inertia is a quantity which is solely depend on
mass.
The more mass of an object, the more inertia it has
the more tendencies it has to resist changes in its
state of motion.
NEWTONS SECOND LAW: FORCE
This law pertains to the behavior of objects for which
all existing forces are not balanced.
States that: the acceleration, a is directly
proportional to the net force, F and is inversely
proportional to the mass, m.
The direction of acceleration is the same with the
direction of the net force.
In mathematical form, this law can be represented
by the equation:
F = ma
Example:
A car, which weighs 1000 kg, is out of gas. A man pushes the
car which managed to move at 0.05 ms
-2
to the nearest gas
station. Calculate the net force applied by the man in order to
make the car move.

Solution:
m = 1000 kg
a = 0.05 ms
-2

2
2
(1000 )(0.05 )
50
50
F ma
kg ms
kgms
N

=
=
=
=
Example:
A 10 N force acts on a wooden box of mass 4 kg, which is placed
on a smooth horizontal surface. Determined the acceleration
of the object.




Solution:
m = 4 kg
F = 10 N
4 kg
10 N
2
2
10 (4 )( )
2.5
F ma
kgms kg a
a ms

=
=
=
NEWTONS THIRD LAW: FRICTION /
NORMAL FORCE
Also known as action-reaction principle.
States that: for every action there is an equal but
opposite reaction.
In another words, when an object A exerts a force
on object B, object B will exert a force with the same
magnitude but in opposite direction to object A.
F
AB
F
BA
A
B
F
AB
= - F
BA
Example: When you sit on a chair, your body exerts
a downward force on the chair. At the same time,
the chair also exert an upward force with the same
magnitude to your body.
These two forces are called action-reaction forces.
500 N
500 N
TYPES OF FORCES
Normal force:
the reaction force exerted from the surface by which the body is lying on.
Acts perpendicular to the surface of contact
The magnitude is equal to the magnitude of the action force.







Example:
A book is at rest on a horizontal table. The mass of the book is 0.8 kg. What
is the normal force, N acting on the book? (Answer: 7.84 N)

N
W
N
W
Net force:
The vector sum of all the forces acting on an object.
Also known as resultant force.
When more than one force acts on an object, the subsequent
motion of the object is determined by calculating the net force
acting on the object.





Example:
In a game of tug of war, Team A pulls the rope with a force of 50 N
while Team B pulls with 75 N. Calculate the net force acting on
the rope. (Answer: 25 N towards Team B)
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
net
= -F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
Equilibrium condition:
The condition when the net force acting on a body is equals to zero.
Conveys the idea that the forces are in balance; there is as much
force upward as there is downward, as much to the left as to the
right.
Any object with constant velocity, whether at rest or moving in
straight line is said to be in equilibrium.







F
1
F
3
F
2
F
4
F
1
= F
2
F
3
= F
4
Friction:
Defined as the surface force that opposes motion.
Is the contact force parallel to the contact surface.
The two types of friction:
Static friction, f
s
: the minimum force required to get an object
moving from rest. f
s
=
s
N
Kinetic friction, f
k
: occurs when two objects are moving relative to
each other and rub together. f
k
=
k
N
= coefficient of friction, N = magnitude of normal force
Example:
Calculate the force needed to keep a book sliding at a constant speed, if
the mass of the book is 2 kg. Given
k
= 0.75. (Answer: 14.7 N)
FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
Is a pictorial representation often used to show all
contact and non-contact forces acting on an object.
It is a simplified sketch of a single object with force
vectors drawn to represent every force acting on it.
Begins by drawing the object in question.
Identify all forces acting on the object.
Convert each forces into the x- and y-component.
Example: a block of wood rests on a table:
N
W
4.7 THE CONCEPT OF MASS &
WEIGHT
Mass:
the quantitative measure of inertia.
Is a scalar quantity.
The SI unit is kilograms (kg).
Weight:
Is a vector quantity.
Is a form of force, acting downward, as a result of gravity.
The SI unit is Newton (N).
Defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity.
W = mg
4.8 LINEAR MOMENTUM
Momentum, p is defined as the product of mass and velocity of an object.
The SI unit is Newton second (Ns).



Principle of Conservation of Momentum:
States that the total momentum in a closed system of objects (which has
no interaction with external agents) is constant.
In a system make out of objects that react (collide or explode), the total
momentum is constant if no external force is acted upon the system.
A common problem in physics that requires the use of this principle is the
collision of two objects. In this case, the sum of the momentum before
collision must equals to the sum of momentum after collision.

p = mv

Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision
p
1
= p
2
m
1
v
1
= m
2
v
2
where:
p
1
and p
2
is the momentum before collision
p
1
and p
2
is the momentum after collision
u
1
and u
2
is the vector velocity before collision
v
1
and v
2
is the vector velocity after collision
m
1
and m
2
is the mass of each object respectively

There are two basic kinds of collisions:
Elastic collision: conserve kinetic energy as well as momentum
before and after collision
Inelastic collision: does not conserve kinetic energy, but total
momentum before and after collision is conserved.

Example:
A trolley of mass 2 kg moves to the right at a speed of 5 ms
-1
. It collides with
a table and rebounds to the left at a speed of 3 ms
-1
. Determine:
a) The momentum of the trolley before and after the collision.
b) The change in the momentum of the trolley after the collision.

Solution:
m = 2 kg
u = 5 ms-1
v = 3 ms-1
1 1 1
1
1
2 2 2
1
1
(2 )(5 )
10
(2 )( 3 )
6
p mv
kg ms
kgms
p m v
kg ms
kgms

=
=
=
=
=
=
a)
b)
2 1
1
1
( 6 10)
16
p p p
kgms
kgms

A =
=
=
4.9 APPLICATIONS OF NEWTONS
LAW OF MOTION
The three main application of Newtons laws of
motion are to solve problems involving:
Body on a horizontal plane
Body on an inclined plane
Object on an ideal cord with frictionless pulley
BODY ON A HORIZONTAL PLANE
Example:

Sharifah drags a suitcase with a rope along the floor of
an airport terminal. The rope makes a 40 angle with the
floor. The suitcase has the mass of 30 kg and Sharifah
pulls the rope with a force of 70 N.

a) What is the magnitude of the normal force acting on
the suitcase due to the floor?

b) If the coefficient of the kinetic friction between the
suitcase and the floor is 0.13, find the frictional force
acting on the suitcase.

c) What is the magnitude of the net force along the
horizontal?
Solution:
30 kg
N
W
40
f
k
F = 70 N
Resolving F into x- and y-component: a)

70cos 40 53.6
70sin 40 45.0
x
y
F N
F N
= =
= =
For y-component:
1
0
(30 )(9.8 ) 45
249
y
y
N F W
N W F
kg ms N
N

+ =
=
=
=
b)

(0.13)(249 )
32.4
k k
f N
N
N
=
=
=
c)

(53.6 33.4)
20.2
net x k
F F f
N
N
=
=
=
BODY ON AN INCLINED PLANE
Example:
Suppose that a crate of pineapple with mass 20 kg
slides down a ramp inclined at 30 with respect to
the horizontal. If the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the crate and the ramp is 0.3, what is the
magnitude of F
net
?
N
W
f
k
F
net
30
W
x
W
y
Solution:
Resolving W into x- and y-component:
196cos60 98
196sin60 169.7
x
y
W N
W N
= =
= =
1
(20 )(9.8 ) 196 W mg kg ms N

= = =
For y-component: 169.7
y
N W N = =
For x-component:
(0.3)(169.7 ) 50.9
k k
f N N N = = =
(50.1 98)
47.9
net x k
net k x
F W f
F f W
N
N
+ =
=
=
=
F
net
is equal to 47.9 N towards negative x-direction.
OBJECT ON AN IDEAL CORD WITH FRICTIONLESS PULLEY
Ideal cord has zero mass and does not stretch.
Principle:
Each object is pulled upwards by the tension, T in the string. The
tension is the same at both end of the string.
The objects are pulled downwards by their weight, mg.
The objects have the same acceleration, a. The direction of
acceleration points downward for object moving downward, and it
points upward for object moving upward.
a
a
W
1
W
2
T

T

1 1 1
2 2 2
F T W ma
F T W m a
= =
= =
Example:
Two plastic boxes of, 4 kg and 6 kg each, are connected by a light string
which passes over a smooth pulley. Determine
a) The acceleration of each box.
b) The tension in the string.

Solution:
a
a
W
1
W
2
T

T

1 1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
4 4 (1)
2
6 6 (2)
F T W m a
T m g m a
T g a
F W T m a
m g T m a
g T a
= =
=
=
= =
=
=
a)

b)

4 4
4(9.8) 4(1.96)
47.04
T g a
T
T N
=
=
=
2
2
(1) (2) :
2 10
2(9.8 ) 10
1.96
g a
ms a
a ms

+
=
=
=
Example:
The diagram below shows two objects connected by a light string over a
frictionless pulley. The object A has a mass of 25 kg resting on a wooden
table with frictional force of 49 N. The object B has a mass of 15 kg. The
system is released and object B falls down pulling object A along.
a) Draw a free-body diagram for the forces acting on object A and B.
b) Calculate the acceleration on the system.
c) Calculate the tension on the string.
B
A
a)

Solution:
N
W
a
f
k
W
a
F
a
F
b
T

T

B
A
b)

49 25 (1)
(15)(9.8) 15
147 15 (2)
A k A
B B B
F T f m a
T a
F W T m a
T a
T a
= =
=
= =
=
=
1
(1) (2) :
147 49 40
2.45
a
a ms

+
=
=
b)

49 25(2.45)
110.25
T
T N
=
=