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Universal Gates
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Review of Boolean algebra
Just like Boolean logic
Variables can only be 1 or 0
Instead of true / false
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Review of Boolean algebra
Not is a horizontal bar above the number
0 = 1
1 = 0
Or is a plus
0+0 = 0
0+1 = 1
1+0 = 1
1+1 = 1
And is multiplication
0*0 = 0
0*1 = 0
1*0 = 0
1*1 = 1
_
_
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Basic logic gates
NOT
AND
OR
NAND
NOR
XOR
x
x
x
y
xy x
y
xyz
z
x+y
x
y
x
y
x+y+z
z
x
y
xy
x+y
x
y
xy
x
y
Universal Gate NAND
This presentation will demonstrate
The basic function of the NAND gate.
How a NAND gate can be used to replace an AND gate, an OR
gate, or an INVERTER gate.
How a logic circuit implemented with AOI(And, OR, Inverter)
logic gates can be re-implemented using only NAND gates.
That using a single gate type, in this case NAND, will reduce
the number of integrated circuits (IC) required to implement a
logic circuit.
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AOI Logic NAND Logic
More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$
NAND Gate
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X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
X
Y
Y X Y X Z +
NAND Gate as an Inverter Gate
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X Z
0 1
1 0
X X Z
X X X
(Before Bubble)
Equivalent to Inverter
NAND Gate as an AND Gate
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X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X
Y
Y X Y X Z
Y X
NAND Gate Inverter
Equivalent to AND Gate
NAND Gate as an OR Gate
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X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
X
Y
Y X Y X Y X Z + +
X
NAND Gate
Inverters
Y
NAND Gate Equivalent to AOI Gates
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INVERTER OR AND
Process for NAND Implementation
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design with
AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every
AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NAND equivalent.
3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions (i.e., back-to-
back inverters).
5. Redraw the final circuit.
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NAND Implementation
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Example:
Design a NAND Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit shown
below.
C A C B +
NAND Implementation
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Solution Step 2
Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NAND
equivalent.
NAND Implementation
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Redraw the circuit.
Solution Step 3
NAND Implementation
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Identify and eliminate any double inversions.
Solution Step 4
NAND Implementation
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Solution Step 5
Redraw the circuit.
Proof of Equivalence
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C
C B
C A
C A C B Z
C A C B Z
C A C B
+
+

AOI vs. NAND

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IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs
74LS04 1 6 1
74LS08 2 4 1
74LS32 1 4 1
Total Number of ICs 3
IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs
74LS00 4 4 1
Total Number of ICs 1
Universal Gate NOR
This presentation will demonstrate
The basic function of the NOR gate.
How an NOR gate can be using to replace an AND gate, an OR
gate or an INVERTER gate.
How a logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates could be
re-implemented using only NOR gates
That using a single gate type, in this case NOR, will reduce the
number of integrated circuits (IC) required to implement a
logic circuit.
AOI Logic NOR Logic
More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$
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NOR Gate
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
X
Y
Y X Y X Z +
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NOR Gate as an Inverter Gate
X Z
0 1
1 0
X X Z
X X X +
(Before Bubble)
Equivalent to Inverter
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NOR Gate as an OR Gate
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
X
Y
Y X Y X Z + +
Y X+
NOR Gate Inverter
Equivalent to OR Gate
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NOR Gate as an AND Gate
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Equivalent to AND Gate
X
Y
Y X Y X Y X Z +
X
NOR Gate
Inverters
Y
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NOR Gate Equivalent of AOI Gates
INVERTER OR AND
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Process for NOR Implementation
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design with
AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every
AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NOR equivalent.
3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions. (i.e. back-to-
back inverters)
5. Redraw the final circuit.
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NOR Implementation
Example:
Design a NOR Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit shown
below.
C A C B +
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NOR Implementation
Solution Step 2
Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NAND
equivalent.
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NOR Implementation
Redraw Circuit.
Solution Step 3
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NOR Implementation
Identify and eliminate any double inversions.
Solution Step 4
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NOR Implementation
Solution Step 5
Redraw Circuit.
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Proof of Equivalence
B
C A C A C A +
C A C B Z
C A C B
+
+
C
C
A
C B C B C B +
C A C B +
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AOI vs NOR
IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs
74LS04 1 6 1
74LS08 2 4 1
74LS32 1 4 1
Total Number of ICs 3
IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs
74LS02 7 4 2
Total Number of ICs 2
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