Mycoplasm

as
 Mycoplasmas
A group of the smallest organisms
that can be free-living in nature,
Pass bacterial filter and also grow
on laboratory media.. 3 families
can be divided:
Mycoplasmataceae;
Acholeplasmataceae;
Spiroplasmataceae
 Morphology

The smallest among prokaryotic

microganisms with circular dsDNA,
usually 0.2-0.3um in size; lack of cell
wall;
Pleomorphic, spherical, short rod,
filament; Gram negative, but stained
hardly, usually use Giemsa stain.
Morphology
They can assume multiple shapes
including round, pear shaped and
even filamentous.
"fried egg"
colonial
morphology.
Clinical Findings

M.pneumoniae
 primary atypical pneumonia.
Clinical Findings

 U. urealyticum, M.hominis, M.genitalium

are responsible for one form of
nongonococcal urethritis.
 M. hominis is associated with
pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory
disease and post-partum fevers.
Mycoplasma and L Form Bacteria
MYCOPLASMA L-FORM BACTERIA
No genetic relationship with Relate to their parent bacteria
bacteria ,sometimes can revert

Cholesterol for their cell No cholesterol for their cell

membrane membrane
Stable in ordinary medium Need hyperosmotic solution
Grow slowly, colony small Colony larger(diameter 0.5-
(diameter 0.1-0.3mm) 1.0mm)
Low turbidity in liquid medium High turbidity in liquid
medium ,may adhere to the wall
or bottom of the tube
Rickettsial
Diseases
 General introduction
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular
coccobacilli bacteria that infect
mammaols and arthropods
Rickettsiae are transmitted in the
arthropods,which serves as both
vector and reservior
Both DNA and RNA
Is sensitive to antibiotic.
 Category of rickettsia
Genus
Rickettsia, Coxiella ,Orientia,Ehrlichia
Bartonella
Species
Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus),
Rickettsia typhi (endemic typhus), Rickettsia
rickettsii (spotted fever), Rochalimaea quintana
(trench fever), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Chlamydiae
 Chlamydiae
Small enough to pass through filters
Obligate intracellular parasites of
eukaryotic cells
Gram-negative
Possess a distinctive developmental
cycle
 Structure and chemical
composition
a nonreplicating, infectious
particle called the
elementary body (EB)
an intracytoplasmic form
called the reticulate body
(RB)
Structure and chemical
composition
Developmental cycle
SPIROCHETES

Treponema, Borrelia and

Leptospira
 Spirochetes
• Gram negative
• Long, thin, helical, motile

• axial filaments
– locomotion
– between peptidoglycan layer/outer membrane
* runs parallel
 Histology: Treponema pallidum
- testis infected rabbit
 Treponema pallidum

0.1-0.2 x 6-15um; 8-14

small, regular spirals;
actively motile.

• transmission
– genital/genital
– in utero or during birth
 Clinical Findings

Syphilis chronic; slowly progressive

Congenital syphilis
no vaccine
antibiotics (e.g. penicillin)
effective
Borrelia burgdorferi
and Lyme disease
Ixodes scapularis, tick vector for Lyme disease.
Also known as Ixodes dammini. CDC
Lyme Disease
erythematous rash
Leptospirosis
 Leptospirosis

• is a zoonosis
•symptoms
–flu-like
–severe systemic disease
* kidney
* brain
* eye
MYCOLOGY
 MYCOLOGY

The fungi are eukaryotic organisms

Fungal cell wall consists primarily
of chitin and protein
Insensitive to antibiotics
Two main groups :yeasts and molds
 Comparison of fungi and bacteria
feature fungi bacteria
diameter 4um 1um
nucleus Eukaryotic prokaryotic

Cell membrane Sterols present Sterols absent

Cell wall chitin peptidoglycan
spores Sexual and asexual spores for Endospores for survival,
reproduction not for reproduction

metabolism Require organic carbon; no May do not require organic

obligate anaerobes carbon; many obligate
anaerobes
Structure of fungi
 Morphology
Unicellular fungi (yeasts)
Multicellular fungi (Molds)
Hypha: mycelium (vegetative, aerial or
reproductive).
Spores: asexual spore
a) Conidium （分生孢子） :
macroconidium, microconidium.
b) Thallospore （叶状孢子） :
blastospore （芽生） , chlamydospore （厚
膜） ,arthrospore （关节） .
c) Sporangiospore( 孢子囊孢子）
Unicellular fungi
Multicellular fungi
Unicellular
fungi
Multicellular fungi

Hypha

•spore
 Culture

Sabouraud culture medium

optimal pH 4-6
optimal temperature 22-28 C some deep
pathogenic fungi need 37 C,
Aerobic
types of colonies– yeast, filamentous
Multiplication:budding, hypha formation,
branching or disruption of hypha, spore
formation
 Clinical manifestations

pathogenic fungal infection

Opportunistic pathogenic fungal infection
Fungal allergic diseases
Mycotoxicosis
Mycotoxin and tumor
Fungi of skin infection
The most important are
dermatophytes, a group of closely
fungi classified into 3 genera:
Trichophyton （毛癣菌）
Epidermophyton （表皮癣菌 0
Microsprum （小孢子癣菌）
Invade only skin, hair, and nails.
Opportunistic Mycoses
Candida （假丝酵母菌）
Aspergillus （曲霉）
Mucor （毛霉）
Pneumocystis carinii( 卡氏肺孢
菌）