STARTING MY

LECTURE
A power system, containing a vast spread out area, is
left to the vagaries of Mother Nature.
Thunderstorm
cyclone
snowstorm
causing interruption in power transfer and delivery
Thunderstorm Problems
can cause short circuit between two lines
the magnitude of a short circuit current is several
times the normal operating current.

Power apparatus must be protected from
large current
Electrical systems can fail
- short circuit
-overheating
The aim of the protection system is to
protect the remaining equipment, consumers
and life and property
The protection system should prevent the
flow of continuous fault current
To detect unwanted & intolerable conditions
faults conditions.
To isolate the fault conditions:
- Automatically & in short time possible
- At the smallest portion of the system
(minimizing the power cut off).

To prevent

-Personnel injury
- Damage to the equipment

Simple Fuse (actually as a combined CT,
protection relay and CB).

MCB with overcurrent or undervoltage
tripping arrangements.
At Distribution Level
Fuse for overcurrent protection of individual
feeders, rings and etc by means of fuse
switch (A combination of mechanical load
breaking switch and a series of fuses to
interrupt short circuit currents).

Automatic reclosure schemes controlled by
simple protection systems based on a current
measurement (GIS / GCB, VCB, ACB, MCCB).

At Transmission Level
Technique of protection is prevailed the
economics considerations.
The protection must:
Fast to maintain system stability (this problem
increases with system voltage and line MVA
capacity).

Posses good discrimination to minimize
supply disruption
Employed one or more main protection
systems with one or more additional back
up protection systems.

Instrument Transformer:

CT - Current Transformer (50:5, 100:5, etc)

VT Voltage Transformer (100:1, 1000:1, etc)

Protection Relay:

Decision maker

Is there any fault?
Should I react to it?
Send trip signal to CB

Isolate the healthy system from the fault.

Communication Systems (additional
component)

Alarm indication, data measurement,
block/accelerate commands, fault record, etc.


Degree of Protection Scheme

1. Discrimination / Selectivity
- An ability of the protection system to select whether
to operate or not & isolate the fault part only (the nearest
circuit breaker should trip).
- This can be done by discriminating the protection
system using time delay.

2. Stability- An ability of the protection system to
maintain not operates under certain faults conditions
since another protection system will be triggered.
- This is because the fault is out of its zone.
Some of the main reasons for protection are
listed below.
To prevent voltage dips for customers (quality of
supply).
To minimize loss of revenue for supply industry
and customers.
To prevent and/or minimize plant damage.
To maintain system stability (for transmission
networks).
To maintain public and personnel safety.
To ensure discrimination and maximize
reliability.

Figure . Currents flowing through the breakers for a 2LG
fault at Bus 3.
Currents flowing through the breakers when the 2LG fault is isolated by BRK1.
The specifications of a fuse are normally based
on the following four factors

Voltage Rating:
Continuous Current Rating
Interrupting Current Rating
Time Response
They are typically mounted at the top of the
pole for 11-33kV systems
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The circuit breakers are the main protection
element of the power system
Open when fault current flows through the
circuit.


Isolate the high primary voltage of the system
(main system) from the protection and
measuring equipment
Transform the high primary current I the
circuit to a small secondary current in the 1
5 Amp range
Example of CT ratio: 100/1, 200/1 100/5,
200/5, etc

If the primary current changes the secondary
current output will change accordingly. For
example, if 150 amps flow through the 300
amp rated primary (300:5), the secondary
current output will be 2.5 amps.

Protection CT
Monitor operation of power grid
not as accurate as Measuring CTs
for supplying current to protective relays.
The wider range of current allows the
protective relay to operate at different
fault levels.