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function of heart
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Ejection Fraction
Cardiac index
Stroke volume
CO = HR x SV
SV
EF = 100 %
EDV
Normal value: ~ 55%
For a healthy heart, ejection fraction is relative
constant as SV is always proportional to EDV.
Cardiac index
valves.
The first heart sound
Frank-starling law:
pressure.
AP ↑ → Afterload↑→The ventricle will have
be ejected→SV↓
→ESV↑+venous return→EDV↑→Adjust
By Frank-Starling law.
SUMMARY
Preload of the ventricles is provided by
venous pressure (VP)
Afterload is provided by arterial blood
pressure.
SV (or SW) is proportional to the initial fiber
length ( Starling’s law).
The mechanism underlying Starling’s law is
the degree of overlap of muscle filaments.
Operation of Starling’s law matches CO
from both sides of the heart.
Cardiac Output
Ask Yourself:
1. Were the ranking of your reclining,
sitting, standing, and active cardiac
output measurements the same as your
predictions? Explain.
2. What factors influence your cardiac
output?
3. Compare your resting and active cardiac
output. What is your cardiac reserve?
See background notes.
4. Compare your cardiac output measurements with four other
classmates . Are they the same-why or why not? Explain:
5. Compare the cardiac output measurements of males and
females. Can you make a statement based on your
observations about gender and cardiac output?
6. Cardiac functions such as cardiac output are
regularly recorded for the astronauts during their
space flight. Is it important to have each
astronaut's "earth normal" or pre-flight
measurements? Why?