SOURCE ROCK

GEOCHEMISTRY

DR HARVIR SINGH
Source Rock Lab, KDMIPE
 Geochemistry-What It Is
 Geochemistry is the study of
distribution and migration of
elements in the earth crust
 Geochemistry deals with the question
of origin, migration, accumulation
and alteration of petroleum and
related substances
 Petroleum Geochemistry

 Petroleum geochemistry is the

application of chemical principles
to the study of the origin,
migration, accumulation and
alteration of petroleum and the
use of this knowledge in
exploring for and recovering
petroleum (Hunt, 1996).
 Petroleum geochemistry

Integrate geochemistry
with:
• Seismic
• Geology
• Production data

Improves odds for success in exploration

Factors Controlling the Probability

of Producible Hydrocarbons
Probability (P) =
(Source rock)(Temperature)
(Time)
(Reservoir)(Seal)(Trap)
(Expulsion)
(Timing)(Migration path)
P=0 If any risk element is zero
GEOCHEMISTRY DIVISION KDMIPE
 Capabilities
 Surface Prospecting
 Source Rock Evaluation
 Fluid Characterization
 Oil to oil, oil to source correlations
 Genetic modeling
 Laboratory Simulation of Hydrocarbon
Generation
 Stratigraphic correlations
 Reservoir Geochemistry
 Exploration of unconventional energy
resources (CBM and Gas Hydrates)
 Source Rock Lab
 Source Rock Identification and
Characterisation
 Mapping of
 Organic content

 Organic matter type

 Maturity

 Delineation of hydrocarbon kitchens

 Simulation of hydrocarbon
generation and expulsion
 Genetic modeling
 Petroleum Source Rock
A petroleum source rock may be
defined as fine-grained sediment
that has sufficient organic matter
and has experience catagenesis to
generate and expel adequate
hydrocarbons to form an
accumulation of oil and or gas.

Source rock is synonymous

with
"effective source rock".
WHAT CONSTITUTES A SOURCE
ROCK
 Fine-grained sediments are source-rocks being
the recipients of organic debris with the
highest abundance of organic matter
 Minimum TOC required to generate & expel
commercial oil for immature source rock is
about 1.5%, for gas & condensate down to at
least 0.5% TOC
 The source rock must be buried deeply so that
temperature and time can cause the organic
matter to mature into petroleum
 Kerogen in fine-grained sediments is the main
precursor of bitumen and petroleum
The importance of sedimentary organic
matter in the origin of petroleum
 Source Rock
Development
▪ Organic matter can be derived
from
both terrestrial and marine
organisms

▪ When organic matter is

deposited in
sediments only a small fraction
escapes destruction/ oxidation

▪ For preservation of organic

Organic matter in average
rocks
Mineral matter
~99% Organic matter
~1%

Kerogen Bitumen ~10

~90% %
 Source Rock
Development
▪ Productivity
▪ Preservation
▪ Dilution
Organic theory of petroleum
generation
 The biogenic theory is well proved & supported
by lab experiments and recognizes that all
petroleum in our planet is derived from
biological precursors
Dead organisms

Biopolymers

Geopolymers (kerogen)

Petroleum
 Preservation
In an oxygen deficient
environment
▪ Stagnant basins
▪ Oxygen minimum layer : Concn. Of O2 in
seawater of many coastal areas decreases
to
minimum at depth 100-500m. OML occure
worldwide wherever consumtion of O2 for
OM
degradation exceed the available supply of
O2
▪ Restricted circulation : Anoxic
environment is
Density stratification Stagnant basins

O2

O2 poor bottom layers

Density stratigraphy is the most cause of

 rise slope Shelf

O2 minimum layer
Reduced sediments
(O2<0.2 ml/l)

Slightly reduced to
oxidised sediments

Slow current regime & poor vertical

communication create MOL in open Sea
 Restricted circulation
Shallow silled basin

Oxygen poor water

Due to dense stratification

Anoxic environments are created from lack

of circulation below photic zone in marine/
lacustrine waters
 Restricted circulation
Deeply silled basin

Sea level

ANOXIC OML

OXIC
 Dilution
Dependence of TOC on sedimentation rate
100
Calcareous
Siliceous
10 Black shale
TOC(%)

0.1

0.01
1 10 100 1000
Sediment Accumulation rate (m/MY)
 Free HC directly from dead
organism plus HC formed by
bacterial activity & low
Temp. reaction in Recent
unconsolidated sediments

No free HC until
kerogen is heated to
enough temp. to crack
it & release HC
REC
 Organic content of recent
sediments
Organic matter is incorporated with
sediments during deposition
OM in Recent sediments is not same as
Kerogen
in lithofied rocks. 40-60% Recent OM is
soluble in acid, base & organic solvents as
compared <20% of kerogen in lithified
rocks
 High concentrations of OM favored by:
High productivity
 Petroleum Formation:
The Source Rock Concept

GENERATION MIGRATION
ACCUMULATION
Source Reservoir
rock rock

Required: Required: Required:

adequate correct adequate
organic timing and
Permeability
content,
,
temperature suitable
porosity
and time pathway
 Three factors critical for a
petroleum
accumulation
 Mature source rock

 Migration path connecting source

rock to reservoir rock

 Reservoir rock that is both porous

and permeable, and trap and
impermeable seal
 Source Rock
 POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCK - A unit of
rock that has the capacity to generate
oil or gas in commercial quantities but
has not yet done so because of
insufficient catagenesis (thermal
maturation).
ACTIVE SOURCE ROCK - A source rock
that is in the process of generating oil or
gas. Active source rocks have oil
window maturities and are at or close to
their maximum burial depth.
 Source Rock
INACTIVE SOURCE ROCK - A source rock
that was once active but has temporarily
stopped generating prior to becoming
spent. Inactive source rocks are usually
associated with areas of overburden
removal and will generate hydrocarbons
again if reburied.

SPENT SOURCE ROCKS - A source rock that

has completed the oil and gas generation
process. A spent oil source rock can still be
an active or inactive source for gas.
 Hydrocarbon Generation
Potential Depends on Three
Factors:
 Abundance of the sedimentary
organic matter

 Type and quality of the organic

matter within the source rock

 Thermal maturity of the SOM

 Classification & Fate of Organic
Matter in Source Rock
Ga
s
e
Labil
e
Reactiv

Oil
100-
>150oC
150oC
Refra
ctory

Gas
>150oC

Inert Graphit
Very high T+P >250oC e
 Kerogen
Kerogen is the disseminated
organic matter in sedimentary
rock that is insoluble in
organic solvents, non-
oxidizing acids and bases.

Kerogen is a macro-molecule,
or polymer-like substance,
that forms in a three-
dimensional network.
A schematic parallel-reaction model of
kerogen breakdown to oil on primary
cracking
 Kerogen Types
 A source rock is a kerogen-rich rock
that has experienced sufficient
catagenesis to generate oil or gas
(petroleum). The amount of oil or gas
that has been or will be generated
depends on the amount and type of
kerogen present in the source rock.
 The familiar type I, II, and III kerogens are
based solely on hydrogen content and not on
morphology (terrigenous, marine, and
lacustrine).
 Kerogen Maturity
▪Aquatic and terrestrial organic matter
that is
preserved in sediments is converted to
kerogen
by biological and very low temperature
▪ As sediments
processes are diagenesis
termed more deeply buried,
kerogen is
converted into oil and gas by thermal
processes
▪known
Under as catagenesis
extreme thermal stress, organic
matter is
meta-morphised into methane and
graphite by a
process called metagenesis
The organic
matter(OM)

in
sediments
generates
hydro-
carbons on
application
of thermal
stress
 Maturity Assessment

Vitrinite reflectance

Tmax

TAI

Molecular parameters
 Depth and temperature for the onset of
petroleum generation in rocks of different
ages
[Tissot and Welte, 1984]
 Oil Window
 The depth interval in which a petroleum source rock
generates & expels most of its oil is called oil window
( 60-160oC ) or VRo~ 0.6-1.30%

 Further rise in Temp. cause cracking of oil into gas

(100-200oC) or VRo~ 1.3-2.0%

 Stratigraphic intervals above, within and below oil

window are referred to as immature, mature and
postmature respectively for oil generation
 Source Rock
Evaluation
Study of sedimentary organic matter(OM)
for:
Amount

Type

Maturity

To identify

▪ source rock sequences (both potential

and effective)
▪ hydrocarbon kitchens in the basin
 Type of organic matter

 Rock Eval pyrolysis

 Elemental analysis of kerogen

 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Variables that exert influence on TOC are:
 Carbon delivery flux (g/m2/a) in the original

sediment
 The oxygen content of bottom waters

 The burial efficiency of organic carbon

 Regulation of atmospheric oxygen

 Paleogeography, palaeoclimatology and

palaeoecology
 PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUE

 Rock sample is heated in inert

atmosphere (flow of Helium)
 Pyroproducts are evolved from the
rock
 These are characterized
 This gives vital informations about the
hydrocarbons already present in the
rock and hydrocarbons generated by
further heating
 Pyrolysis

Closed Closed Open

Hydrous Anhydrou Anhydrou
 Process of expulsion
s s is
of HC in nature
best
simulated by hydrous pyrolysis
 Closed anhydrous pyrolysis is least
useful lab method for understanding the
expulsion of HC because expeled oil is not
generated in this process
 Open anhydrous pyrolysis is also not
useful in determining the expln. Eff. of SR
unless it is calibrated against expelled oil
 Rock Eval Pyrolysis
 Samples are heated in an inert
atmosphere at 300ºC for 3-5mins to distill
out free hydrocarbons - S1 peak
 Heated at a fixed rate to 550-600ºC to
pyrolyse the kerogen – the S2 peak
 The temperature at which maximum
pyrolysis occurs is called Tmax
 The CO2 released between 300-390ºC is
measured – S3 peak
Rock-Eval
 Rock Eval Pyrolysis
 Merit
 RE analysis is rapid, inexpensive and
automated
 It needs few mg of sample for analysis
and gives complete picture of OM
richness, quality and maturity of source
rock
 It is easy to maintain & can operate in
field conditions
 Rock Eval Pyrolysis
 Demerit
 Data is affected by mineral matrix and mud additives
 Tmax is not very reliable
 It is a bulk analysis. As kerogen is a heterogeneous,
the thermal degradation of each type of OM will takes
place at different temp., but it gives cumulative temp
 It does not truly reflect & simulate natural conditions
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
(Analysis Scheme/
Products)
Output & Results from RE-
6
 The 4 different versions of RE6.

RE6 Ovens Detectors Acquisition Calculated

version parameters parameters

Classic Pyrolysis 1 FID S1, S2. Tmax.

Classic Pyrolysis 1 FID, 1 IR S1, S2, Tmax.
S3 cell S3, S3’, S3CO,
S3’CO.

Standard Pyrolysis/ 1 FID, 1 IR S1, S2, Tmax, TOC,

Oxidation cell S3, S3’, S3CO, MinC,HI, OI.
(Serial S3’CO,
process) S4, S5, S4CO.
Turbo Pyrolysis/ 1 FID, 2 IR S1, S2, Tmax, TOC,
Oxidation cells S3, S3’, S3CO, MinC,HI, OI.
(Parallel S3’CO, S4, S5,
process) S4CO.
Acquisition parameters (RE- 6 )
Detector/ Unit Name
Oven
S1 FID / Pyrolysis mgHC/g rock Free Hydrocarbons

S2 FID / Pyrolysis mgHC/g rock Oil Potential

S3 IR / Pyrolysis mgCO2/g rock CO2 from organic source

S3’ IR / Pyrolysis mgCO2/g rock CO2 from mineral source

S3CO IR / Pyrolysis mgCO/g rock CO2 from organic source

S3’CO IR / Pyrolysis mgCO/g rock CO from organic and

mineral sources
S4CO2 IR / Oxidation mgCO2/g rock CO2 from organic source
e
S5 IR / Oxidation mgCO2/g rock
 Calculated parameters (RE-6)
Unit Formula Name
TpS2 - ∆ Tmax (*)
Tmax °C Tmax
PI S1 Production Index
( S1 + S 2)
PC % weight Pyrolysable Carbon
[ ( S1 + S 2) × 0,83] + S 3 × 12  +  S 3CO + S 3' CO  × 12 
 44   2  28  org.
10

RC CO % weight S 4CO ×
12
28
Residual Carbon org.
10 (CO)
RC CO2 % weight S 4CO2 ×
12 Residual Carbon org.
44
10 (CO2)
RC % weight RC CO + RC CO2 Residual Carbon org.
TOC % weight PC +RC Total Organic Carbon
HI mgHC/gTOC S 2 × 100
TOC
Hydrogen Index
S 3×100
OI mgCO2/gTOC Oxygen Index
TOC
S 3CO × 100
TOC
OI CO mg CO/gTOC Oxygen Index CO
Derived Parameters from RE
Data
 The ratio S1/(S1+S2), called production
index (PI) is also a maturity indicator
like Tmax. Value of 0.1 represents
onset of generation, while values in the
neighborhood of 0.4 are characteristic
of peak oil generation.
 The hydrogen index (HI=S2 x 100/TOC)
and oxygen index (OI=S3 x 100/TOC)
show good correlation with atomic
ratios H/C and O/C respectively and can
be used as proxies for atomic ratios in
the van Krevlin diagram.
General Scheme of Kinetic Model of
Hydrocarbon Generation

K = A e-E/RT

C1
Kerogen C2-C5 C1
C6-C14 Coke
C15+

n- Parallel
primary reactions
 Optimization of kinetic
parameters (for realistic charge
estimates)
Assumptions
 Generation follows 1st order kinetics

 Several simultaneous reactions occur

 A definite kerogen fraction

participates in each reaction

 Reaction coefficient the same for all

reactions but activation energy

different
 Optimization of kinetic
parameters
 Immature source rock sample
selected
 Pyrolysed at different heating
rates on a Rock Eval (model V or
VI)
 Kinetic parameters (reaction
coefficient & activation energies)
optimised by reiterative
software-Optkin
Pyrograms obtained at different
heating rates are fit to kinetic
models
Thermal reactivity of each kerogen is
described by an energy distribution
 Custom kinetic measurements
allow accurate thermal modeling
SOURCE ROCK
THRESHOLDS
 Petroleum potential of immature source
rock
Pet. TOC(%) S1 S2 Bitumen
potential (ppm)

Poor <0.5 <0.5 <2.5 <500

Fair 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 2.5-5.0 500-1000

Good 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 5-10 1000-

2000
V. Good 2.0-4.0 2.0-4.0 10-20 2000-
4000
Excellent >4.o >4.o >20 >4000
 Kerogen type and expelled product

Kerogen HI S2/S3 Atomic Expelled

type H/C product

I >600 >15 >1.5 Oil

II 300-600 10-15 1.2-1.5 Oil

II/III 200-300 5-10 1.0-1.2 Oil/Gas

III 50-200 1-5 0.7-1.0 Gas

IV <50 <1 <0.7 None

 Thermal Maturation
Maturity Ro Tmax PI TAI Bit/TOC

Immature .2-.6 <435 <.1 1.5-2.6 <.05

Mature
Early .6-.65 435-445 .1-.15 2.6-2.7 .05-.10

Peak .65-.9 445-450 .25-.4 2.7-2.9 .15-.25

Late .9-1.3 450-470 >.4 2.9-3.3 -

Postmatur >1.3 >470 >3.3 -

e
The “van Krevelen”diagram
The simple & rapid method
used for following chemical
process that occured during
coalification
Moving R-L across diag.
represent loss of O2 w.r.t. C
due to formation of CO2&H2O.
Moving T-B represent loss of H2
w.r.t. C because of formation of
oil& gas
Tissotet al. used this diag. to
follow changes in kerogen with
depth & increasing temp. The
plot of H/C & O/C value of
kerogens at different depth
 Correlation HI & OI with atomic
ratios

Studies carried out by Espitalie J. et al. showed

that HI could be roughly correlated with atomic
H/C ratio & OI with O/C ratio of Van Krevelan
Oil Window on van Krevelen
diagram
HI versus OI Showing OM Types in
Source Rocks of Mumbai Offshore
HI versus Tmax Showing Kerogen
Maturity
 MATURITY – Concept of oil
window
 Most oil occurs between 50° to 150°C and
this range approximately equates to the
oil- window wherein most hydrocarbons
are generated
 Oil-window is shallower and thinner in
areas with higher heat flows and the
window is deeper and thicker in lower
heat flow areas
 Oil window is defined in terms of several
other measurable geochemical
parameters. In terms of vitrinite
reflectance, for example, it extends from
VRo 0.45 to 1.30%.
Rock Eval: Tmax
 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCE
2
TOC S2 ROCK(S)
HI Tmax S1 PI
Niravi
Karaikal

3
Kamalapuram
Depth (Km)

Portonovo

Nannilam
4
Kudavasal

Bhuvanagiri
Sattapadi
Andimadam
5 (0-10) (0-10) (0-300) (420-460) (0-2) (0-1)
Geochemical Source Rock Log of
Chintalapalli#1
Geochemical Source Rock Log of
Chintalapalli#8
Geochemical Source Rock Log of MDP#19HR
Geochemical Source Rock Log of Sarepalli#1 HR
Geochemical Source Rock Log of
Sitarampuram#1 HR
 Effective Source Rock of World
 91.5% of world’s discovered original reserve of petroleum
came from SRs of following six stratigraphic intervals
(Klemme et al., 1991)

Sub Era Generated Remarks

petroleum
Silurian 9% Mainly gas II
U.Devonian-Tournaisian 8% Mainly oil II

Pensylvanian- 8% Mainly gas III

L.Permian®
U.Jurassic 25% Mainly oil II
M.Cretaceous 29% oil-Gas II
Oligocene-Miocene ® 12.5% oil-Gas III/C
Geochemical factors controlling source
rock effectiveness
 Only 2.7% of original reserve of world petroleum came
from SR with Type-I kerogen
 SR with type-II Ker. Were dominant from E.Paleozoic
through U.Jurassic (ratio type II to III Ker.------3 to 1)
 By M.Cretaceous (ratio type II to III Ker.-- 1-1)
 In Oligocene-Miocene (ratio type III to II Ker./ C------5 to
1)
 About 80% of world recoverable reserve were generated
& trapped in last 100 m.y.
 Only 2% of world’s present original recoverable reserve
were formed by the end of L. Permian
Hydrous pyrolysis data indicate that at Ro-
1.5% maturity, about 16-33 wt% of Kr-II
converted to petroleum, for Kr-I yields
range 43-63% & for Kr-III between .7-13%
About 60% of world’s conventional
recoverable petroleum migrated vertically
upward or stratigraphically downward from
SR
Generation-accumulationefficiency(GAE) of
petroleum system ranges 1-15% while
expulsion- accumulation efficiency ranges 1
to >30%
 Petroleum Systems
Petroleum system (Magoon and
Dow, 1994) is a natural system that
encompasses a pod of active source
rock and all related oil and gas and
includes all the geologic elements
and processes that are essential if
a hydrocarbon accumulation is to
exist.
Basic Elements of a Petroleum
System
Source rock, maturity, reservoir
rock, seal, trap and geological
processes
 Petroleum System Modeling

It is a digital model of petroleum

system where interrelated processes
and their results are simulated to
understand and predict them
An integrated technique for basin
evaluation
Creates computer representation of
geoscientific data
Critical Information Obtained from
Petroleum System Modeling
Timing of hydrocarbon generation and
expulsion relative to trap formation
Volumes of hydrocarbon delivered to trap
Hydrocarbon types likely to be present in
trap
Possible migration pathways to the
prospect
Physicalproperties (like PVT) of
hydrocarbon charge
Possible post charge loss of HC from trap
 Petroleum Systems Modeling

Geology Geophysics

Stratigraphy Seismic

Petroleum Geochemistry

Understanding of Processes

New Technologies, the Integration of Disciplines and the

Move from Static to Dynamic Earth Models
 Geochemistry provides
essential petroleum system
inputs

▪ Timings of generation, migration

and
accumulation of hydrocarbons
▪ Correlation of petroleum & source
rock
▪ Delineation of geographical limits of
 Risk Elements in a Petroleum
System
• Physical components
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Overburden
• Processes/ Timing Petroleum
components geochemistry
Trap formation
Generation
Migration
 Commercial Petroleum
Accumulations Require :

 Adequate trap [reservoir rock + seal +

configuration]
 Organic-rich source rock

 Maturation of source rock

[temperature + time]
 Migration pathway [permeability +
orientation + timing]
 Preservation of accumulated
petroleum
 General flow chart for quantitative
petroleum system model

Real ConceptualMathematical Input Solution

System Model Model

Comparison
Go to with
A input real system
B Conceptual
Model

Unsuccessful Successful
Model Model
 ogical concept organization in mode
logical
-DEPTH & AGES OF STRATIGRAPHIC
BOUNDARIES
-AGE & AMPLITUDE OF EROSION/ HIATUS - GEOMETRY OF SEDIMENTARY COLUMN
THROUGHOUT THE BASIN HISTORY
IF ANY
BACK -BURIAL HISTORY OF EACH SOURCE ROCK
-LITHOLOGY OF EACH SEDIMANTARY
STRIPPING - POROSITY EVOLUTION
LAYER
- SUBSIDENCE CURVES
-POROSITY/ PERMEABILITY DATA
- PALEOBATHEMETRY
- DIAPIRISM
- DIGITAL DATA FOR SEISMIC LINES

-SURFACE TEMPERATURE -TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN THE

- BASAL HEAT FLOW OR IMPOSED HEAT COLUMN THROUGHOUT BASIN HISTORY
TEMPERATURE DATA (BHT) TRANSFER -PALEOTEMPERATURE HISTORY FOR
-THICKNESS & RADIOACTIVITY OF CRUST EACH SOURCE ROCK
- THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LITHOLOGIES - HEAT FLOW PROFILE

- KINETIC PARAMETERS OF EACH

KEROGEN TYPE
- ORGANIC TYPE OF EACH SOURCE ROCK -MATURITY PROFILE (TR, HI, VRo, Tmax,
AND THICKNESS S1, PI)
KINETIC -AMOUNT OF OIL AND GAS GENERATED
-INITIAL TOC
MODELING AND EXPELLED FROM EACH SOURCE
- EXPULSION THRESHOLD
- GEOCHEMICAL DATA; VRo, HI, TOC, S2 ROCK vs GEOLOGICAL TIME
-FROM CUTTINGS
 Check on Modeling

 Compare calculated and measured

parameters:
 Vitrinite reflectance, Ro
 Anomalous pressures
 Sedimentary Thickness
 Heat flow
 Temperature (vs corrected BHT)
 Events Chart

40 30 200 10 a l
g ic m s
l o e u t
0Paleozo
0 Mesozo 0
Cenoz e o e o l n
G Tim e tr eve
ic J
D MicP P TR K oic
P N P
e m
s t
y
RockSUnit
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Seal
Overburden
Rock
Trap
Rock
Formation
Gen/Mig/Accu
m.
Preservation
Critical
moment
Cross Section of a Petroleum
System
Geographic extent of petroleum
system in section view drawn at
critical moment (250 MA)
 Petroleum System
A Dynamic Entity
1) Early Generation Spill Point
Spill Point

Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock (Mudstone)
Migration from (Sandstone)
‘Kitchen’
Gas beginning to
2) Late Generation displace oil

Displaced oil
accumulates
Gas displaces all
oil
Well State Vitrinite Reflectance (#
A)
Subsidence and Maturation
History of well Gandhar-A
Source Rock Generated
Hydrocarbons(#SWN)
Source Rock Expelled Hydrocarbons
(#SWN)
GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF Petroleum
System
Depends on three factors
 Petroleum charge available for trapping
H(S1+S2)*ρ
SPI = -----------------
1000
 Migration drainage style
-Long distance lateral migration typical
of For
foreland basins is less efficient than
vertical
 The entrapment style
GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS
1 Charge factor Migration-
Drainage style
-Super charged
-Normal charged -Vertically drained
-Under charged -Laterally drained

Entrapment Style

-High impedance
-Low impedance
 PETROLEUM SYSTEM
 Vertical drainage petroleum system
SPI > 5 under
charged
5 ≤ SPI > 15 moderate
charged
 LateralSPI
drainage
> 15 petroleum system
super
charged SPI > 2 under
charged
2 ≤ SPI > 7 moderate
charged
 Oil& Gas provinces based on their
petroleum system
Drainag Vertical Lateral
e style
Entrapm High Low High Low
ent
Super Los angels San joaquin N. Slope E. Vanezuela
charged N.Sea(UK) Iraq FTB C.Arabia

Normal GulfCoast Muglad Volga- Willston

charged Niger Delta Urals Paris
Illinois

Under Indus Perth Cooper Denver(US)

charged Vienna Takatu(gu Canning Molasse(Aus
Petroleum systems of Cauvery
Basin
Andimadam-Bhuvanagiri
(.)
A
n
y
d err
i di ch
m Pon
-
l uar ar
ya
i d eb
u
Ar anq

r
a Tr

vu
m am

ja
Andimadam-Nannilam
tin

n
(.) t

Ta
a
gap
Na

y
Ba
alk Andimadam-Niravi (.)
P
–
d
na
m
Ra

0
Scale
50km
Map Showing
Hydrocarbo
n Generated
(solid lines)
and
expelled
(colored
contours) in
a basin
Maturity modeling and computation of
critical moments in an Indian Basin
(Cauvery Basin)
1.2
Ariyalur-Pondicherry
1 Tranquebar
Nagapattinam
Ramnad
0.8 Tanjavur
0.7 %

VRo, %
VRo
0.6

0.4

0.2 50
3 15 25

0
0 50 100 Age, mybp
Benefits of Petroleum
SystemModeling
3-D modeling enables :
1. Understanding of petroliferous basins
in a

comprehensive manner

 2. Identification of accumulation

locales

 3. Prediction of quality and quantity of

accumulation
Suggested Readings

Geochemistry in
Petroleum Exploration by
D. W. Waples, IHRDC,
Boston, 1984

Petroleum Geochemistry
and Geology by J. M.
Hunt, W. H. Freeman and
Co., New York, 1996
Thank you