BIT3233/BIT32303

AUDIO VIDEO PRODUCTION

Azizan Bin Ismail
azizanis@uthm.edu.my/ Level 4,
PM9, FSKTM
RPP04
A true winner is one who rebounds
from defeat, learn from his mistake
& work tripplely hard
A true looser is one who lets defeat
haunts him, repeats his mistake &
drown himself in self-pity
<azrai bahari nasaruddin, the malay college kuala kangsar, 1992>
What is Sound?
Properties of Sound
Characteristics of Sound
Components for Sound
Sound is a vibration, as perceived by the
sense of hearing.
Sound is a wave phenomenon like light
but it involves molecules of air being compressed and
expanded under the action of some physical device.

A series of mechanical longitudinal waves that
successively propagate through media that are at least a
little compressible (solid, liquid or gas but not vacuum). In
sound waves parts of matter (molecules or groups of
molecules) move in a direction of the spreading of the
disturbance.
Sound is used to describe the brains
interpretation of stimulus arriving at the ear in the
form of air pressure variations.
Audio is sound that falls within the acoustical
range of your eardrums.
Note: Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that
deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases,
liquids, and solids.
Audio is an electrical or other representation of
sound.
More specifically, it may refer to:
Digital audio, representation of sound in a
form processed and/or stored by computers or
other digital electronics
Audible content in media production and
publishing






Audio is sound within the acoustic range available to humans. An
audio frequency (AF) is an electrical alternating current within the 20 to
20,000 hertz (cycles per second) range that can be used to produce
acoustic sound. In computers, audio is the sound system that comes with
or can be added to a computer. An audio card contains a special built-in
processor and memory for processing audio files and sending them to
speakers in the computer. An audio file is a record of captured sound
that can be played back.
Sound is a sequence of naturally analog signals that are converted to
digital signals by the audio card, using a microchip called an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC). When sound is played, the digital signals are
sent to the speakers where they are converted back to analog signals
that generate varied sound.
[WhatIs.com: http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/audio]





The human ear can
hear a wide range of
sounds, both in
frequency (the pitch
of the sound) and
intensity (loudness).

1) Sound Waves
Sound travels through air and other
substances in the form of sound waves.


Sound waves are first collected in our outer ear
(called the auricle or pinna), pass through our
ear canal and cause our eardrum to vibrate.
These vibrations are in turn transmitted to our
inner ear by the bones of our middle ear.
Our inner ear plays a vital role in the
transformation of these mechanical vibrations
into electrical impulses, or signals, which can be
recognized and decoded by our brain.

When the vibrations reach the cochlea through
movement of the bones in the middle ear,
the fluid within it begins to move, resulting in
back and forth motion of tiny hairs
(sensory receptors) lining the cochlea.

This motion results in the hair cells sending
a signal along the auditory nerve to the brain.
Our brain receives these impulses in its hearing
centers and interprets them as a type of sound.
A sound wave is usually represented graphically
by a wavy, horizontal line; the upper part of the
wave (the crest) indicates a condensation and the
lower part (the trough) indicates a rarefaction.
Wavelength is horizontal distance between any
two successive equivalent points on the wave.
The period of a wave is the time required for
one complete cycle of the wave to pass by a point.
Sine Wave
Square Wave
Sawtooth Wave
Deadfish Wave
Figure presents the test tone
It represents a constant tone
at a set frequency
Used as a test or identification
signal for technical purposes.
It creates a nice smooth waves
Pure Tone Complex Tone
2) Amplitude
The amount of power that is present in a wave
form or in simple terms, its volume level or
loudness is called Amplitude.
The sound intensity describes the amount of
energy the sound has and sound intensities are
often compared using units called decibels.



3) Frequency
Number of wave vibrations per
second; 1 Hertz is one cycle per second
3) Frequency
The faster the sound source vibrates,
the higher the frequency.
The dimension of our sensation
of sound
The quality and quantity of
sound
Low pitch
Mid pitch
High pitch
Sound loudness is a subjective
term describing the strength of
the ear's perception of a sound
Pitch and Loudness
Loudness
4) Timbre
The character of a sound that distinguishes
it from other sounds is called "timbre".
It is pronounced "tam-ber".
Some of the words used to describe timbre
include bright, warm, harsh, wavering,
noisy, nasal, pure, gradual, metallic,
wooden, breathy and wierd.



4) Timbre
Timbre as the shape of the wiggle, and how the shape
changes over time.
Also known as tone.
Timbre refers to the perceptual difference of two
sounds of identical pitch and loudness.
In music, timbre refers to the quality of a musical note
which distinguishes different types of musical
instrument.


Timbre 1
Timbre 2
4) Timbre
In simple terms, timbre is what makes a particular
musical sound different from another, even when they
have the same pitch and loudness.
For instance, it is the difference between a guitar and
a piano playing the same note at the same loudness.
Experienced musicians are able to distinguish between
different instruments based on their varied timbres,
even if those instruments are playing notes at the
same pitch and loudness.
[Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre]
Sound Envelope
The envelope of a sound is a
description of that sounds
amplitude variations over a
period of time.

It consists of:
(i) Transient (or
attack)
(ii) Peak Value (in
dB)
(iii) Initial decay
(iv) Sustain
(v) Final decay
Sound Envelope
ECHO
One of the most important aspects
of sound which affects acoustics
is echo.
An echo is a sound that has been
bounced off or reflected from a
surface.

Reverberation
A closely grouped
series of echoes
produced.


A transducer that
converts sound into
an electrical signal.
Microphones are
used in many
applications such as
telephones, tape
recorders, hearing
aids, motion picture
production and in
radio and television
broadcasting.

Microphone Directionality
A microphone's
directionality or
polar pattern
indicates how
sensitive it is to
sounds arriving at
different angles
about its central
axis.

A speaker is also a
transducer,
something like a
microphone, with the
diaphragm, coil, and
magnet now
operating in reverse
order.

A computer expansion card that can input and output sound under
control of computer programs.
Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio
component for multimedia applications such as music composition,
editing video or audio, presentation/education, and entertainment
(games).
Sound CARD
http://www.garyolsen.com/GoClarke/Videoaudio/index.htm
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available at :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card
Fundamental of Multimedia