Sie sind auf Seite 1von 31

Objectives, Targets and Strategies

of 12
th
Five Year plan
Volume-1
Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth.

Volume-2
Economic Sectors.

Volume-3
Social Sectors.
Key Objectives Under the Twelfth
Plan
Faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth.
Better performance in agriculture (at least
4% growth).
Faster creation of jobs in manufacturing.

Both agricultural and manufacturing growth
will depend upon the creation of appropriate
infrastructural facilities in a widely dispersed
manner.



There must be a much stronger effort at health,
education and skill development.

Reforming the implementation of flagship
programmers to increase their effectiveness in
achieving the objective of greater inclusion.

Special challenges focused by vulnerable groups
and backward regions. The need for a special
focus on backward regions has particularly
become urgent.

Key Objectives Under the Twelfth
Plan Contd
Focus on raising land productivity and water
use efficiency.

Markets must be reformed.

Granting to warehouses.
Agriculture and Rural Development
Re-estimate Indias water balance basin-wise.
All aquifers must be mapped over the next five years and
aquifer management plans put in place.

Incentivize irrigation reform and efficiency of water
use.

Setting up Water Regulatory Authority.

The legal and policy framework needs to be improved.
Water.
Manufacturing performance is weak. Growth
of manufacturing in the 11th Plan is likely to
be only 8%. We need to raise this to 11-12%
per year in the 12
th
Plan to create the jobs for
our growing labor force.
Industry .
Education
Education has received less funds in the Eleventh
Plan than was envisaged. This is partly because
the sector made a slow start, but also because of
resource constraints.
The Twelfth Plan has to correct this.

Eleventh Plan focused on quantity in school
expansion, Now plan is to build capacity in
secondary schools to absorb the graduates from
expanded primary enrolments.
Education.
Health
Energy
Transport
Governance and Empowerment

Other Plans.
Targets objective and strategies on
India gain/loss from being a
member at WTO
FLOW OF CONTENT
Introduction
Information
Formation of the WTO
Objectives of the WTO
Structure of WTO
Members of WTO- member nations and the voting
principle followed
Principles of trading
Functions of the WTO
The WTO agreements and policies
GATT & WTO trade rounds
Pros and Cons of the WTO
The WTO policies for India and its impact on the Indian
economy
Conclusion


The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise
and liberalize international trade. The WTO is the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.

At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of
worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help
producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their business.

The WTO superseded and replaced the GATT which was a provisional,
multilateral agreement governing
international trade from 1947 until Jan 1, 1995.

The WTO has larger membership than GATT,
the number of members stand at 153.
India is one the founding members of the WTO.

INTRODUCTION
INFORMATION
Established: 1st January 1995.

Created By: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-1994)

Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland

Membership: 153 member states (till 2008)

Secretariat Staff: 625

Head: Pascal Lamy (Director-General)

Budget: 196 million Swiss francs (approx)

Mr. Pascal Lamy
WTO headquarters: Geneva
FORMATION OF THE WTO
The GATT was the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1948
until the WTO was established in 1995. The GATT managed to operate for almost half a
century as a semi institutionalized multilateral treaty regime on a provisional basis.

Seven rounds of negotiations occurred under the GATT

The Tokyo round during the 70s was the first major attempt to tackle trade barriers that
do not take the form of tariffs and to improve the system but the agreements were not
accepted by all the member nations of GATT.






These agreements and policies were amended in
URUGUAY ROUND leading to acceptance by the
member nations and formation of WTO.

This final act concluding the Uruguay round and
officially establishing the WTO regime was signed in
1994 at Marrakesh, Morroco and hence known as
Marrakesh Agreement.
FUNCTIONS OF WTO
The main function is to ensure that trade flows as
smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
Administering trade agreements- WTO agreements cover
goods, services, intellectual property.
Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
Settling trade disputes-Importantly WTO set procedures to
settle disputes
Reviewing national trade policies
Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues,
through technical assistance and training programmes.
FUNCTIONS OF WTO
Negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to
trade (import tariffs, other barriers to trade) and agreeing
on rules governing the conduct of international trade.
Assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who
are not yet members of the organization.
Co-operating with other international organizations- IMF
and The World Bank.
World Trade Organization coordinates with its secretariat,
which employees 500 + staff including Economists,
Statisticians, Lawyers and other experts in related area of
concern.
WTO: AGREEMENTS & POLICIES
The WTOs agreements are the result of negotiations between
the members. The current set were the outcome of the 198694
Uruguay Round negotiations which included a major revision of
the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have
the status of international legal texts.
They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking,
telecommunications, government purchases,
industrial standards, product safety
and more.

WTO: AGREEMENTS & POLICIES
Goods
It all began with trade in goods. From 1947 to 1994, GATT
was the forum for negotiating lower customs duty rates and
other trade barriers
Services
These principles appear in the new General
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
Intellectual property
The WTOs intellectual property agreement amounts
to rules for trade and investment in ideas and
creativity.
Dispute settlement
The system encourages countries to settle their
differences through consultation.
WTO AGREEMENTS: GATS
General Agreement on Trade in Services, is the first and the only
comprehensive multilateral discipline covering international trade in
Services.


WTO services are divided into 12 areas and sub divided into 164 areas:
Business Services, Communication Services, Construction and
Engineering Services, Distribution Services, Education Services, Environmental
Services, Financial Services, Health Services, Tourism and travel Services,
Recreation, cultural and sporting Services, Transport Services.
Modes of supply of
services
Consumption
Abroad
Cross -
Border
Supply
Commercial
Presence
Movement of
Natural persons
The important principles falling in this category are:
Most Favoured Nation principle (MFN)
Domestic Regulations
Transparency.
WTO AGREEMENTS: TRIPS
It is the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property.
It deals with the protection & enforcement of Trade-Related intellectual property
rights".

DEALS IN :
How to give adequate protection to
intellectual property rights
How countries should enforce those rights adequately in their own territories
How to settle disputes on intellectual property between members of the WTO
Special transitional arrangements during the period when the new system is being
introduced.
Intellectual property comprises 2 distinct forms:
Literary & Artistic Works- Books, paintings, musical
compositions,
plays, operas, movies, radio/ TV programs, performances, & other
artistic works
Industrial Property- Patented objects, trade secrets,
geographical indications.
WTO AGREEMENTS: TRIMS
Trade related Investment Measures does not provide any new language ,
but It concentrates on 2 major articles. Article III & Article IX which talks
about National Treatment and Trade Restrictions respectively.

DEALS IN :

ARTICLE III

National treatment of imported

product, unless specified in other
agreements.

Subjects the purchase or use by
an enterprise of imported products to less
favorable conditions than the purchase or
use of domestic products.
ARTICLE XI

Prohibition of quantitative
restrictions on imports and exports.

Part of the general trend in
textiles and agriculture to phase
out the use of quantitative
restrictions.
WTO AGREEMENTS: SANITARY AND
PHYTO-SANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT
SPS agreement was negotiated during the Uruguay Round,
and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO
in1995.

The WTO sets constraints on member-
states policies relating to food safety
(bacterial contaminants, pesticides,
inspection and labeling) as well as animal
and plant health (imported pests and
diseases).
WTO AGREEMENTS: AOA
The most important agreement follows. The Agreement on
Agriculture came into effect with the establishment of the
WTO at the beginning of 1995
The AoA has three central concepts, or "PILLARS":
Domestic support
Market access
Export subsidies

Objective:
To reform trade in agriculture and to make policies more market
oriented
A product is considered to be dumped if the export price is less than
the price charged for the same product in the exporting country, or it is
sold for less than its cost of production.

The WTO agreement on anti-dumping allows governments to act
against dumping where there is genuine (material) injury to the
competing domestic industry.

WTO AGREEMENTS: ANTI-DUMPING PRACTICES
(ADP)
WTO AGREEMENTS: ANTI-DUMPING PRACTICES
(ADP)
ANTI DUMPING: INCREASE OVER THE YEARS.

After Marrakesh Agreement, India joined WTO since inception in 1995.
Developing countries like India availed of greater trade opportunities
and also challenged a certain policies of developed countries.
For India, exposure to volatile international market would affect not
only domestic prices but also incomes of poor.
Aim to participate in WTO rule based system with greater stability,
transparency and predictability in governance of international trade.
THE WTO AND INDIA
ARTICLES IN INDIAN EXPRESS: IMPACT OF WTO
ON INDIA
POSITIVE IMPACT ON INDIAN
ECONOMY
Increase in export earnings
Agricultural exports
Export of textile and clothing
Multilateral rules and discipline
Growth to service exports
Foreign investment
PROS
Promotes free-er trade
Raises world output levels via specialisation
Establishes a standard rule by law and terms of trade for greater
efficiency
Updates all participating countries and banks to international
standards and efficiency in terms of trade and commerce.
CONS
Industrialised countries benefit more than poor countries
Dont allow the participaion of developing countries
CONCLUSION
Although the stated aim of the WTO is to promote free
trade and stimulate economic growth, some believe
that globally free trade results in rich (both people and
countries) becoming richer awhile the poor getting
poorer.
It will be able to help weak and poor
countries if it frames rules accordingly

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen