Klasifikasi Bryophyta

Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta

Suratman
Marchantia sp. Schistochila acuminata Phaeoceros sp Folioceros sp
3 Classes
1. Class Hepaticopsida (Liverwort)
2. Class Anthocerotopsida
(Hornworts)
3. Class Bryopsida (True mosses)
Differences between liverworts, hornworts and mosses
Characters Liverworts Hornworts Mosses
Leaves 2-3 rows without leaves spirally, rarely 2-3
rows
Oil bodies usually present lacking lacking
Rhizoids unicellular unicellular pluricellular
Paraphyses usually lacking lacking usually present
Sporophytes growing by an
apical cell
growing by a
basal meristem
growing by an apical
cell
Peristomes lacking lacking usually present
Operculums lacking lacking present
Elaters present present lacking
Chaetosphaeridium
Marchantia
Physcomitrella
Anthoceros
Pinus thunbergiana
Pinus koraiensis
Adiantum
Psilotum
Calycanthus
Zea
Oryza
Spinacia
Epifagus
Oenothera
Lotus
Arabidopsis
Atropa
Nicotiana
70
1
82
1
100
5
62
2
98
3
99
5
44
56
1
1
Phylogeny of Bryophytes (based on total cpDNA)



Kelch et al., Monogr. Syst. Bot. (MBG) 2004
Hornworts (100 spp.)
Liverworts (5000 spp.)
Mosses (9000 spp.)
Class
Hepaticopsida
Liverworts
Liverworts
Class Hepaticae comprises the
liverworts.
These are small plants, no more
than half an inch off the
ground, that can be flat and
ribbon-shaped or leafy.

About 8,500 species of
liverworts have been named
Genus Marchantia, Riccia
The gametophyte generation
may be leafy like a moss, or
thallose, often bilaterally
symmetrical and lobed,
Hepatophyta (Liverwort)
Tumbuhan lumut paling primitif dan
sederhana, tidak memiliki stomata,
kutikula dan sel berkas angkut.
Badan minyak (oil bodies) ada pada sel-sel
tumbuhan ini.
Rhizoid sederhana, terdiri atas sel-sel
tunggal.
Hepatophyta (Liverwort)
Sporofit sederhana, memiliki kaki (foot),
tangkai (seta) dan kapsul atau hanya kaki dan
kapsul saja.
Gametofit berwarna hijau, berbentuk pipih
dorsiventral (thalloid liverwort) atau tunas
berdaun (leafy liverwort), sederhana, atau
kadangkala terdiferensiasi menjadi daun dan
batang.
Tumbuh di tempat lembab atau terlindung,
sebagian kecil ada yang akuatik.

Liverworts
gametophyte
Male reproductive "umbrella"
Female reproductive "umbrella"
Archegonidiophore
Archegonial stalk
Archegonial head
Antheridiophore
Antheridial stalk
Antheridial head
Liverworts
sporophyte
sporophytes
Foot
Seta
Anther
elater, elaterophore

the sporophyte of a moss the sporophyte of
a liverwort
There are two main groups of
liverworts :the leafy liverworts,
with about 84% of liverwort
species, and the thallose liverworts.



Thalloid Liverworts
Liverworts
Most common liverworts
have flattened, lobed thalli.
Gametophyte stage
develops from spores.
When spores
germinate they may
produce immature
gametophyte
(protonema).
Thalloid Liverworts
The thallus dorsiventrally flattened, usually
dichotomously branched (pinnate in
Riccardia).
Thallus cells may have chloroplast and oil
bodies.
The rhizoid are unicellular and smooth but in
Marchantiales there is two types rhizoid :
smooth and tuberculate.
Thalloid Liverworts
The antheredia are produced on the thallus
suface, naked or surrounded by an involucre,
or inside the thallus.
The archegonia are on the thallus surface or
embedded inside the thallus and are usually
surrounded by an involucre.
Thalloid Liverworts
In Marchantia, the antheridia and archegonia
are located on stalked receptacles
(antherediophores and archegoniophores).
During development, the sporophyte is
enveloped and protected by the calyptra.
The capsule lacks a columella and stomata,
the seta usually lacking or very short.


Thalloid Liverworts
Best known species are
in the genus
Marchantia.
Thick thallus that
forks as it grows.
Consists of
parenchyma cells
with few, if any,
chloroplasts.
Dichotomous
Parenchyma air chambers
asexual reproduction
Life Cycle
Marchantia Sporophyte
Asexual Reproduction of Marchantia
Thalloid Liverworts
Marchantia sp
Dumortiera sp Riccardia sp
Riccia crystallina
Leafy Liverwort
The gametophyte may be ascending, erect or pendent.
The leaves are generally arranged in three rows, two
lateral rows (dorsal leaves or lateral leaves) and a
ventral row (ventral leaves or underleaves or
amphigastria).
The underleaves are usually smaller than the lateral
leaves and sometimes lacking.
The leaves cells usually have chloroplast and oil bodies
when fresh.
The number, chemical composition, shape and size of
the oil bodies are variable and very important in the
taxonomy of liverwort.

Daun ventral
Daun dorsal
Daun
ventral
Penggolongan Bryophyta berdasarkan
Kemotaksonomi
Penggolongan Bryophyta berdasarkan
kemotaksonomi adalah dari kandungan metabolit
sekunder yang dihasilkannya dan terdapat pada
oil bodies (badan minyak) pada Bryophyta.
Kandungan senyawa kimia yang terbanyak adalah
terpenoid
Leafy Liverwort (continued)
The antheredia are oval in shape and united to
the stem by a thin stalk, located in the axils of
specialized leaves (male bract), on the main
shoot or on specialized male branches.
The archegonia lack paraphyses and are
protected by bracts or bracteoles in one or more
series, at the tips of long or short shoots.
They usually surrrounded by a thin tubular organ
(the perianth), located between the bracts and
the archegonia, originating by fusion from 2-3
leaves.

Leafy Liverworts
Porellales
(epiphytes)
- Porellaceae
- Radulaceae
- Frullaniaceae
- Lejeuneaceae

Jungermaniales
(terrestrial)
- Many families
>1000 species (80 genera)

Leaves with lobules (= watersacs)

Underleaves normally present

Gynoecium with only 1 archegonium
Lejeuneaceae
Perianth (covered archegonia)
underleaves
watersacs
Lateral leaves
S I II III
S = spore
I = first juvenile stage (protonema)
II = second juvenile stage
III = third juvenile stage
Ontogeny of Lejeuneaceae gametophyte
Leafy Liverworts
Plagiochila sp

Stereochila sp


Frullania sp.
Daun dorsal
Daun ventral
Web Links
http://biologyweb.org/botany.htm
Moss Life Cycle Tutorial
Moss Life Cycle Tutorial with Animation
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom