02 - OWA200003 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Internal
WCDMA Radio Interface
Physical Layer
ISSUE 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Page 1
The physical layer offers data transport services
to higher layers.
The access to these services is through the use
of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the
following functions in order to provide the data
transport service, for example Modulation and
spreading/demodulation and despreading, Inner -
loop power control etc.
Page 2
References
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and
Reception
TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of
transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2
TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Acces (HSDPA) -
Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects
TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed
Downlink Packet Access
Page 3
Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
Outline radio interface protocol
Architecture
Describe key technology of UMTS
physical layer
Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
Page 4
Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview
Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology
Chapter 3 Physical Layer Procedures
Page 5
UTRAN Protocol Structure
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB NodeB
Iu Iu
Iur
Iub Iub
Iub Iub
Page 6
Radio Interface Protocol Structure
L3
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l

c
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n
t
r
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l

c
o
n
t
r
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l

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Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
C-plane signaling
U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DC Nt GC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC
L2/BMC
control
PDCP
PDCP
L2/PDCP
DC Nt GC
Radio
Bearers
RRC
Page 7
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading FactorSF.The operation is done by
multiplying with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .
Data bit
OVSF
code
Scrambling
code
Chips after
spreading
Page 8
Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as C
ch,SF,k
, where SF is the
spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)
C
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
Page 9
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period: 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of
either long or short type, There are 2
24
long and 2
24
short uplink
scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher
layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 2
18
-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
Page 10
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 1

Set 511
Primary
scrambling code 0

Secondary
scrambling code 1
Secondary
scrambling code 15
Primary
scrambling code
51116

Secondary
scrambling code
5111615
8192 scrambling
codes
512 sets

Primary Scrambling Code

A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are
included in a set.
Page 11

Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 0

Primary
scrambling code 0

Primary
scrambling code
8*63

Primary
scrambling code
63*87
512 primary
scrambling codes

Group 1
Group 63
Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary scrambling
code 7
64 primary scrambling
code groups
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambling codes
Page 12
Page 13
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
Page 14
WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and
service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the
physical layer. According to whether the information transported is
dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it
is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of
channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code
and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a
dedicated channel.

Page 15
Control channel

Traffic channel

Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
Common traffic channel (CTCH)
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
Logical Channel
Page 17
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)
Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH)
Random access channel (RACH)
High-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH)
Common transport
channel
Dedicated transport
channel
Transport Channel
Page 18
Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
Page 19
Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared
Channel (HS-PDSCH)
High-Speed Shared Control Channel
(HS-SCCH)
Downlink
Physical Channel
Page 20
Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel
(HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
Uplink Physical
Channel
Page 21
Function of physical channel

Node B

UE

P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH- Synchronisation Channel
P-CPICH-Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH-Secondary Common Pilot Channel
Cell broadcast channels
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Dedicated channels
Paging channels
PICH-Paging Indicator Channel
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PRACH-Physical Random Access Channel
AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
Random access channels
HS-DPCCH-High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-SCCH-High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH-High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
High speed downlink share channels
Page 22
Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)
Used for cell search
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH.
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips
of every time slot.
PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each
time slot.
SSC specifies the scrambling code
groups of the cell.
SSC is chosen from a set of 16
different codes of length 256, and
there are altogether 64 SSC
sequences correspond to 64 primary
scrambling code groups.
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
ac
s
i,0
p
ac
p
ac
p
ac
ac
s
i,1
ac
s
i,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
Page 23
slot number Scrambling
Code Group
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2

Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10

Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
..
2560 chips
ac
p
Slot # ?
P-SCH
ac
p
Slot #?
16

6
S-SCH
ac
p
Slot #?
11
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
Page 24
Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Carries pre-defined sequence.
Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256
Primary CPICH
Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch,256,0

Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Only one CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell
The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH.
By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips , 20 bits
1 radio frame: T
r
= 10 ms
Page 25
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code30kbpsCch,256,1
Carry BCH transport channel
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
Only data part
STTD transmit diversity may be used
PCCPCH Data
18 bits
Slot #0
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
Slot #1 Slot #i
256 chips
Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
SCH
Page 26
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
One radio frame (10 ms)
b
1
b
0

288 bits for paging indication
12 bits
(undefined)
b
287
b
288
b
299
Page 27
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Carry FACH and PCH.
Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without
TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should
be transmitted, UE must support TFCI.
Possible rates are the same as that of
downlink DPCH
SF =256 - 4.
FACH and PCH can be mapped to the
same or separate SCCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same fame.
Data
N bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
T
slot
= 2560 chips,
Data
Pilot
N bits
Pilot
N bits
TFCI
TFCI
20*2
k
bits (k=0..6)
Page 28
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
One or several preambleseach preamble is of length 4096chips and consists
of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips16 available
signatures totally
10 or 20ms message part
Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by
higher layer
Message part
Preamble

4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble
Message part
Preamble

4096 chips
20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble Preamble
Page 29
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
5120 chips
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
Access slot #0
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1
Access slot #7
Access slot #14
Access slot #8
Page 30
PRACH Message Structure
Pilot
N bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1 Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T
RACH
= 10 ms
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
Pilot
TFCI
N bits
TFCI
Data
N
data
bits
Data
Control
k
bits (k=0..3)
Page 31
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Frame structure of AICHtwo frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 40 symbols(5120 chips).
Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a
part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a 1 a 2 a 0 a 31 a 32 a 30 a 33 a 38 a 39
AI part Unused part
20 ms
Page 32
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)
DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips
The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256
The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the
same Layer 1 connection
Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
Page 33
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Pilot
N pilot bits
TPC
N TPC bits
Data
N data bits
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
k
bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: T = 10 ms
f
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
N FBI bits
TFCI
N TFCI bits
Page 34
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
Control information includesPilotTPCTFCI(optional).
The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection
DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
Page 35
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
One radio frame, T
f
= 10 ms
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
k
bits (k=0..7)
Data2
N
data2
bits
DPDCH
TFCI
N
TFCI
bits
Pilot
N
pilot
bits
Data1
N
data1
bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH
TPC
N
TPC
bits
Page 36
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T
slot
= 2560 chips, M*10*2
k
bits (k=4)
Data
N
Data 1 bits
1 subframe: T
f
= 2 ms
Page 37
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size
(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new
data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 40 bits
Data
N Data 1 bits
1 subframe: T
f
= 2 ms
Page 38
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )
HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport
blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control

Subframe #0 Subframe # i Subframe #4
HARQ-ACK CQI
One radio frame T f = 10 ms
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
2 T slot = 5120 chips T slot = 2560 chips
Page 39
Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
Page 40
Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH
FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH
HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH
PRACH, S-CCPCH
Page 41
Page 42
Synchronization ProcedureCell Search
Frame synchronization and
code-group identification
Scrambling-code
identification
UE uses SSC to find frame
synchronization and identify the
code group of the cell found in
the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling
code through correlation over the
CPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the
P-CCPCH and reads BCH information
Slot synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot
synchronization to a cell
Page 43
Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship

AICH access
slo ts
Secondary
SCH
Primary
SCH
t
S -
CCPCH,k

10 ms

t
PICH

#0 #1 #2 #3 #14 #13 #12 #11 #10 #9 #8 #7 #6 #5 #4
P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0 P - CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
Any CPICH
k:th S - CCPCH
PICH for k:th S - CCPCH
n:th DPCH
t
DPCH,n

Page 44
Random Access Procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from
available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble _ Initial _ Power
Send a preamble
Check the corresponding AI
Increase message part power by p
-m based on preamble power
Set physical status to be RACH
message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Choose a access slot again

Counter> 0 & Preamble power-
maximum allowed power<6 dB
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Get negative AI
No AI
Report the physical status to MAC
END
Get positive AI
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract-1, Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step
N
Y
Send the corresponding message part
Page 45
Random Access ProcedureRACH
Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access
slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the
given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the
selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding
to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such
that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures
within the given ASC.
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_
Retrans_ Max
Page 46
4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to
Preamble_Initial_Power
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and
preamble transmission power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1)
corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access
slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH
sub-channels within the given ASC;
B: select a signature;
C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power;
D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the
Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6.
Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.
Page 47
7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to
the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access
procedure Signature
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected
signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three
or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last
transmitted preamble
9. exit the physical random access procedure
Page 48
Transmit diversity Mode
Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type Open loop mode Closed loop mode
TSTD STTD Mode 1 Mode 2
P-CCPCH applied
SCH applied
S-CCPCH applied
DPCH applied applied applied
PICH applied
HS-PDSCH applied applied
HS-SCCH applied
AICH applied
Page 50
Transmit Diversity-STTD
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity(STTD
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
-b
2
b
3 b
0
-b
1
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
Page 51
Transmit Diversity-TSTD
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH channel.
Antenna 1

Antenna 2

ac s
i,0
ac
p
ac
s
i,1
ac
p
ac
s
i,14
ac
p

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
ac
s
i,2
ac
p
Slot #2

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
Page 52
Transmit DiversityClosed Loop Mode
Closed loop mode transmit diversity
Used in DPCH and PDSCH
Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in non-
diversity mode. The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX
antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight
factors w1 and w2.
The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled to the
UTRAN access point (=cell transceiver) using the D-bits of the FBI
field of uplink DPCCH.
The calculation of weight factor is the key point of closed loop Tx
diversity.there are two modes with different calculation methods of
weight factor
1mode 1 uses phase adjustmentthe dedicated pilot
symbols of two antennas are different(orthogonal)
2mode 2 uses phase/amplitude adjustment the dedicated
pilot symbols of two antennas are the same.
Page 53
Summary
This course mainly introduces the basic concept,
key technology and procedures of WCDMA
physical layer.
This is very helpful for comprehension of Uu
interface features and further study .
www.huawei.com
Thank You

02 - OWA200003 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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