Presented By: Anshuman Mitra

Supervised by: Dr. Sunita Halder nee Dey

OPTIMAL SIZING AND PLACEMENT OF
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DGs SIMULTANEOUSLY
IN RADIAL AND WEAKLY MESHED
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
One of the largest consumer markets in the
world is the electric power industry.
The electricity sector in India had an installed
capacity of 245.394 GW as of end
April 2014, the world's fourth largest.
The average transmission and distribution
losses (T&D) exceed 25% of total
power generation compared to less than 15%
for developing economies.
Studies have indicated that approximately 13%
of the total power generated is consumed as
real power losses at the distribution


INTRODUCTION
The X/R ratio for distribution levels is low
compared to transmission levels, causing
high power losses and a drop in voltage
magnitude along radial distribution lines.
Losses have a direct impact on the
financial issues and overall efficiency of
distribution utilities.
Traditionally, distribution power losses are
minimized through proper dispatch of
reactive power control devices.
Utility companies have started to change
their electric infrastructure to adapt to the
introduction of DGs in their distribution
systems.

What DGs Stand for ????
Distributed generation is a new approach in
the power industry.

It refers to the use of small-scale electric
power generators dispersed within the
distribution network level, either located on
the utility system near customers or at an
isolated site.

DGs are classified into two categories :=
I. Based on Capacity.
II. Based on Technology



Classification of DGs
Categories Ratings
Micro-distributed generation ~1 W < 5 kW
Small-distributed generation 5 kW < 5 MW
Medium-distributed generation 5 MW < 50 MW
Large-distributed generation 50 MW < 300MW
I. Based on
Capacity.
Renewable DG
Modular DG
Combined heat and power (CHP) DG
II. Based on Technology
Distributed Generation Benefits
DG units are usually installed near the
load site on the radial distribution
networks. Thus , part of the
transmission power is replaced by the
injected DG power, causing a
reduction in transmission and
distribution line losses, which
minimizes costs related to loss.
Injecting active and reactive power by
DG units improves system voltage
profiles and the load factor.
Increases in power demands as a
result of load growth can be covered
by DG units without needing to
increase existing traditional
generation capacity.
DG technologies produce electric
power with few emissions.
DGs can help in system service
continuity and reliability.

Distributed Generation
On the contrary, integrating DG units may
lead to negative impacts on a distribution
system, especially for large scale
installations if they are not optimally
handled.

Result in high voltage causing currents that
exceed the lines thermal limit, harmonic
problems & voltage profile instability.





What is Optimal handling of DG !!!
DG placement :: An Optimization Problem
DG ratings & position are chosen such that
the real power losses are minimum making it
a single objective function.
Line losses , as the sole objective function ,
may not give economically feasible
solutions.
Other factors like voltage regulation
Operation & Maintenance (O&M) cost
also can be included.
Multiobjective fuction will be more relevant
as compared to single objective function.
Multiple DGs can be placed individually , but
may not give the global optimum solution.
Here simultaneous placement is considered.

DG placement :: An Optimization Problem
Case I : Single and Multiple DG sizing & placement by Single-Objective
Optimization Approach.


Case II : Single and Multiple DG sizing & placement by Multi-Objective
Optimization Approach.

Case III : Single and Multiple DG sizing & placement by Multi-Objective
Optimization Approach in weakly meshed distribution system.






Introduction to the PSO
Inspired from the nature social behavior and dynamic
movements with communications of insects, birds and fish.
Inspired from the nature social behavior and dynamic
movements with communications of insects, birds and fish
Distributed Generation Benefits
Uses a number of agents (particles)
that constitute a swarm moving
around in the search space looking
for the best solution

Each particle in search space adjusts
its flying according to its own
flying experience as well as the
flying experience of other particles
Distributed Generation Benefits
Each particle adjusts its travelling speed
dynamically corresponding to the flying
experiences of itself and its colleagues
o Each particle modifies its
position according to:
its current position
its current velocity
the distance between its
current position and
pbest
the distance between its
current position and
gbest
1. Inertia
2. Personal
Influence
3. Social
Influence
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Particle update rule :
Particles are moved to the new positions :
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[.] [.]
i
best i
p x p x
if
( [.]) ( [.])
i
i best
f p x f p x >
[.] [.]
gbest i
p x p x
if
( [.]) ( [.])
i gbest
f p x f p x >






Memory updating :
Convergence Criteria :

1. Almost all of the particles are in the global best position.

2. Number of iteration exceeds the maximum no. of iterations.
Case I : Methodolgy
The total number of particles used is N=50.
The maximum number of iteration used is
It
max
=50.
The dimension of each of the DG particle
depends on the number of DGs to be installed.
In case of single DG


1 2
[ , ] x x x =
Where, x
1
is the bus position and x
2
is the corresponding rating.
In case of two DGs

1 2 3, 4
[ , , ] x x x x x =
Where, x
1
& x
2
are the bus positions and x
3
& x
4
are the corresponding ratings.
Distributed Generation Benefits
BUS 4
BUS 2 BUS 3 BUS 1
BUS 6
BUS 5
B1 B2
B3 B4
B6
I2 I3
I4 I5
I6
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
B I
B I
B I
B I
B I
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( ( =
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

[B]= [BIBC][I]
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The relationship between branch currents and bus voltages can be
expressed as:
2 12 1 1
3 12 23 2 1
4 12 23 34 3 1
5 12 23 34 45 4 1
6 12 23 56 5 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0 0
V Z B V
V Z Z B V
V Z Z Z B V
V Z Z Z Z B V
V Z Z Z B V
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( ( =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

| | | || || |
V BCBV BIBC I A =
Combining the previous two matrices:
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*
( ) ( )
k r k i k
i i
i i i i i
k
i
P jQ
I I V jI V
V
| |
+
= + =
|
\ .
| |
1
DLF
k k
V I
+
( (
A =




1 0 1 k k
i
V V V
+ +
( ( (
= A











Load flow is solved iteratively using expressions given below:
Load flow converges when the voltage difference between two
consecutive iterations are within the specified tolerance.
Distributed Generation Benefits
2
( )
NB
Loss k ij
i k
P x I R
=
=

where
NB : the total number of branches,
I
k
: the current of the k-th branch which
connects the sending bus i and the
receiving bus j,
R
ij
: resistance of the branch connecting i
th
and
j
th
bus.

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION:
Distributed Generation Benefits
CONSTRAINTS
1. Power Balance Constraints:
1 1
i
NDG NB
ss DG D Loss
k i
P P P P
= =
+ = +

1 1
i
NDG NB
ss DG D Loss
k i
Q Q Q Q
= =
+ = +

2. Power Flow Constraints:
max
ij ij
I I s
3. Generation Capacity Constraints:
60% ( )
rating load
DG of KW s

Distributed Generation Benefits

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF DG UNITS
4. Bus voltage limit:
A DG unit can be modelled as either a PV or PQ bus in the distribution system.
DGs like induction generator-based units with converters used to control P and Q
independently, are modelled as PQ types.
In this case, only P type DGs are considered.
Distributed Generation Benefits
Parameters Formulae Abbreviations
Active line-loss reduction (TLLR)
- Subscript(0)is representing the base
case when no DG(s) is present in the
system.
Reactive line-loss reduction (RLR)
- Subscript(DG)is representing the case
when DG(s) is present in the system
Voltage profile improvement (VPI)
- nbus is total number of buses.
- V
i
is voltage magnitude at bus i.
0
Re{ } Re{ }
% x 100
Re{ }
DG
o
losses losses
TLLR
losses

=
0
0
Im{ } Im{ }
% x 100
Im{losses}
DG
losses losses
RLR

=
2
(0) ( )
1
( )
nbus
i i DG
i
VPI V V
=
=

Performance indices:
Case I : Results
Cases DG Position DG Rating
(KW)
Active Power loss
(KW)
Reactive Power
Loss
(KVAR)
Minimum Bus
voltage
(pu)
Corresponding
Bus number
WITHOUT DG 224.95 102.14 0.9092 65
WITH DG 64 1872.65 83.19 40.52 0.9683 27
a.) Single DG placement
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

p
.
u
.

Bus Number
Voltage Profile
Single DG
Without DG
Distributed Generation Benefits
Cases DG Positions DG Ratings
(MW)
Active Power
loss
(KW)
Reactive Power Loss
(KVAR)
Minimum Bus
voltage
(pu)
Corresponding
Bus number
WITH 2 DGs 61 17 1.78 0.53 71.66 35.93 0.9789 65
WITH 3 DGs
18 61 11 0.38 1.71 0.53
69.41 34.95 0.9790 65
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

p
u

Bus Number
Voltage Profile
With 1 DG
With 3 DGs
With 2 DGs
b.) Multiple DG placement
Distributed Generation Benefits
Number of DGs Active line-loss reduction
(TLLR)
Reactive line-loss reduction
(RLR)
Voltage Profile Improvement
(VPI)
Single DG
63.02% 60.33% 0.0416
2 DGs
68.15% 64.82% 0.0572
3 DGs
69.15% 65.78% 0.0594
Performance indices:
3 DG placement gives better values performance indices but not very
significant as compared with 2 DG placement.
CASE II : Methodology
PSO algorithm is used to solve the
optimization problem where each of the
objective functions are given a weightage
factor.
. In order to include cost as one of the
objective functions, it is necessary to
categorize the DG types.
,two types of DGs are taken into
consideration-1.Wind Generators,
2.Photovoltaic Cells.
Power output of wind generators depend
on wind speed and that of photovoltaic
cells depend on solar irradiance and the
ambient temperature. If these data are not
considered then the results could be
misleading
Distributed Generation Benefits
Whereas here PQ type DG is considered
where Q is computed from the power
factor and real power using the formula
given as
1
* ( ( )) Q P tan cos power factor

=
Active-line losses :
1 OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS
2
1
( )
NS
Loss k ij
k
P x I R
=
=

1
0
Re{ }
Re{ }
DG
losses
F
losses
=
Distributed Generation Benefits
Voltage Deviation :
1
2
1
( )
{ } , 2, 3,..........
k
V V
F Max k NB
V

= =
Loadability Factor :

cr
is calculated by conducting load flow
for every load levels and storing the
minimum bus voltage for each load levels.
3
1
cr
F

=
Distributed Generation Benefits
Operating Cost
0 , or
( )
= P * , &
( )
P &
w cin w cout
w cin
rated w cin w n
n cin
rated w n w cout
if V V V V
V V
P if V V V V
V V
if V V V V
(
s >
(

(
> s
(

(
> s
(

Distributed Generation Benefits


Operating cost in a year of $4/KW for Wind generator is considered.
0
5
10
15
20
25
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

Bus Number
Wind Speed(m/s)
Wind Speed(m/s)
Distributed Generation Benefits
Photovoltaic Cell
The power produced is a function of solar
irradiance and ambient temperature.
* *(1 ( ))
ing
pv stg c ref
stg
G
P P k T T
G
= +
Operating cost of $2/KW for PV cells is considered.
4
max
Toc
F
Oc
=
Where,
Toc: Total operating cost with DG.
Oc
max
: Operating cost of DGs
corresponding to its maximum value.
CONSTANTS MAGNITUDES
a
1
0.5
a
2
0.3
a
3
0.1
a
4
0.1
P
rated
1000 kw
V
cin
4 m/s
V
n
16 m/s
V
cout
20 m/s
P
stg
6
G
stg
1000 w/m
k -0.0038
Tref 27
0
C
Distributed Generation Benefits
The main objective function is:
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
* * * * F a F a F a F a F = + + +
Where, a
1
,a
2
,a
3
,a
4
: weightage factors.
: Calculate the operating cost (F
4
) as
follows:
For wind generator placement check for
the wind velocity and the maximum DG
rating constraint.
For PV cells placement check for solar
irradiance and maximum DG rating
constraint.
Choose the DG with minimum operating
cost if both satisfy constraints. Take a large
value for F
4
as penalty if both violates the
constraints.
CASE II : Results
Single DG placement
For single DG placement , PSO has 3 variables
1 2 3
[ , , ] x x x x =
where
x
1
: DG position
x
2
: DG real power
x
3
: Power factor
Cases DG
Position
DG Rating
(KW)
Active
Power loss
(KW)
Reactive Power
loss
(KW)
Min. System
Voltage
Loadability
factor
WITH Single obj. 64 1872.65 83.19 40.52 0.9683 1.6
WITH Multi obj. 60
1226 0.64pf
48.85 26.85 0.9693 1.7
Distributed Generation Benefits
Parameters Formulae Abbreviations
System loadability improvement
(SLI)
- max is maximum loadability of
the system.
max(DG) max(0)
max(0)
SLI

=
Distributed Generation Benefits
Cases DG Position
with type
DG Rating
(KW)
Active Power loss
(KW)
Reactive Power Loss
(KVAR)
Power factor
Single DG 60 1226 42.85 26.85 0.64
2 DGs 60(PV) 21(WG) 1212 410 44.45 24.36 0.54 0.99
3 DGS
24(WG) 62(PV) 60(PV)
557 421 1052 24.71 15.33 0.67 0.83 0.65
With Multiple DG
Cases Min. System Voltage
(pu)
Loadability factor Total operating cost
Single DG 0.9693 1.7 $ 2648.30
2 DGs 0.9790 2.3 $ 4243.20
3 DGs 0.9872 3.6 $ 5276.20
Distributed Generation Benefits
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

p
u

Bus Number
Voltage Profile
Single DG
2 DGs
3 DGs
Distributed Generation Benefits
78.28%
73.71%
0.0373
1.4
80.24%
76.15%
0.0615
1.6
89.02%
84.99%
0.0912
3.06
TTLR RLR VPI SLI
Performance Indices
Single DG 2 DGs 3 DGs
Distributed Generation Benefits
The main objective function is:
Cases DG Position
with type
DG Rating
(KW)
Active Power
loss
(KW)
Reactive Power
Loss
(KVAR)
Power factor
3DGS with tie
lines open
24(WG) 62(PV) 60(PV) 557 421 1052 24.71 15.33 0.67 0.83 0.65
3DGS with tie
lines closed
21(WG) 62(PV) 60(PV) 400 497 1125 18.06 13.66 0.67 0.86 0.69
Distributed Generation Benefits
Cases Min. System Voltage
(pu)
Loadability factor Total operating cost
3DGS with tie lines open
0.9872 3.6 $ 5276.20
3DGS with tie lines closed
0.9902 4.5 $ 4917.80
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.99
0.995
1
1.005
1.01
1.015
1 4 7 1013161922252831343740434649525558616467
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

p
u

Bus Number
Voltage Profile
3 DGs without tie lines
3 DGs with tie lines
Distributed Generation Benefits
89.02%
84.99%
0.0912
3.06
91.97%
86.63%
0.0824
4.1
TTLR RLR VPI SLI
Performance Indices
3 DGs 3 DGs with tie lines closed
CONCLUSION
The single-objective optimization problem
attempted to determine a DGs optimal
place and size by using total real power
losses as an objective to be minimized. The
results were compared to a case without
DG. It was shown that choosing proper
DG size and place has a significant impact
on minimizing power losses and
improving voltage profiles. The results
also showed that integrating multiple DGs
reduces real power losses in a system more
than by integrating only a single DG.
The results demonstrated and emphasized
that multiple DG installations decreased
total real power losses more than single
DG installations. However, multiple DG
installations may result in additional costs
but the other benefits like improvement in
voltage profile and loadability factor
encourages the use of multiple DG over
single DG.
Distributed Generation Benefits
Balanced distribution test systems were considered in this work. The optimization problem could be investigated
using unbalanced distribution systems.
The PQ-DG type model was considered in the proposed methods. Future work could include
PV-DG type model.
The multi-objective optimization problems proposed in this thesis could be solved using other aggregation
methods such as Bacteria Foraging Programming and of Gravitational search algorithm.
Other objectives could be included in the multi-obj
Different areas of this thesis can be further explored and extended. Some are presented below:
Distributed Generation Benefits
Distributed Generation Benefits
The main objective function is: