UNIT II

PHASE CONTROLLED
CONVERTERS
POWER ELECTRONICS
Phase-Control Converters
Single-Phase
Semiconverter
Three-Phase
Full converter
Dual converter
Semiconverter
Full converter
Dual converter
POWER ELECTRONICS
Semiconverter
..is a one-quadrant converter and it has one polarity
Full converter
..is a two-quadrant converter and the polarity of its
output can be either positive or negative.
However
the output current of full converter has
one polarity only
Dual converter
..can operate in four quadrants ; both the output
voltage and current can be either positive or negative
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
( ) ( )
}
+ = =
t
o
o
t
e e
t
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
m
m dc
V
t td V V
Average Output Voltage
t
m
dm
V
V =
Maximum
Output Voltage
( ) o cos 1 5 . 0 + = =
dm
dc
n
V
V
V
Normalizing
Output Voltage
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
}
2
2 sin 1
2
sin
2
1
2 2
o
o t
t
e e
t
t
o
m
m rms
V
t td V V
RMS Output Voltage
POWER ELECTRONICS
If the converter has a purely resistive load of R and
the delay angle is , determine
(a) the rectification efficiency
(b) the form factor FF
(c) the ripple factor RF
and (d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T
1

2 / t o =
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
% 27 . 20
3536 . 0
1592 . 0
3536 . 0
2
2
2
sin
2
1
2
1592 . 0
2
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
= = =
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
}
m
m
rms
dc
m
m
rms
m dc
m
m dc
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V V
V
t td V V
q
t
t
t
t
t
t
e e
t
t
t
POWER ELECTRONICS
If the converter has a purely resistive load of R and
the delay angle is , determine
(a) the rectification efficiency
(b) the form factor FF
(c) the ripple factor RF
and (d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T
1

2 / t o =
221 . 2
1592 . 0
3536 . 0
= = =
m
m
dc
rms
V
V
V
V
FF
POWER ELECTRONICS
If the converter has a purely resistive load of R and
the delay angle is , determine
(a) the rectification efficiency
(b) the form factor FF
(c) the ripple factor RF



and (d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T
1



2 / t o =
983 . 1 1 221 . 2 1
2 2
= = = FF RF
m
V PIV =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Semiconverter
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Semiconverter
( ) ( )
( )
}
}
=
+ = =
t
o
t
o
e e
t
o
t
e e
t
t td V V
V
t td V V
m rms
m
m dc
2 2
sin
2
2
cos 1 sin
2
2
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Semiconverter (RL-load)
( )
(

= = =
= + +

e
o
e
o
o e
L
R
L
R
L L L
L
L
e
R
E
e I t i I
E Ri
dt
di
L
1
0
0 1 1
1
1
( ) ( )
t L
R
S
L
S
L
S L
L
e
Z
V
R
E
I
R
E
t
Z
V
I
t V E Ri
dt
di
L

+ + =
= + +
e
o
u o u e
e
sin
2
sin
2
sin 2
1 2
2
2
Mode 1
o e s s t 0
Mode 2

t e o s s t
R
L e
u
1
tan

=
( )
2
2
L R Z e + =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Semiconverter (RL-load)
RMS Current
for Thyristor
( )
}
=
t
o
e
t
t d i I
L R
2
2
2
1
RMS Current
for Thyristor
( )
}
=
t
o
e
t
t d i I
L A 2
2
1
RMS Output
Current
( ) ( )
} }
+ =
t
o
o
e
t
e
t
t d i t d i I
L L rms
2
2
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
AVG Output
Current
( ) ( )
} }
+ =
t
o
o
e
t
e
t
t d i t d i I
dc 2
0
1
2
1
2
1
POWER ELECTRONICS
The single-phase semiconverter has an RL load of
L = 6.5mH, R = 2.5 Ohm, and E = 10 V. The input
voltage is V
S
= 120 V(rms) at 60 Hz. Determine
(a) the load current I
L0
at , and the load
current I
L1
at ,
(b) the average thyristor current I
A

(c) the rms thyristor current I
R

(d) the rms output current I
rms

and (e) the average output current I
dc

0 = t e
= = 60 o et
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase
Full Converter
Rectification
Mode
Inversion
Mode
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Full Converter
( )
( )
2
sin
2
2
cos
2
sin
2
2
2 2
m
m rms
m
m dc
V
t d t V V
V
t d t V V
= =
= =
}
}
+
+
e e
t
o
t
e e
t
o t
o
o t
o
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Full Converter (RL-load)
( ) ( )
t L
R
S
L
S
L
e
Z
V
R
E
I
R
E
t
Z
V
I

(

+ + =
e
o
u o u e sin
2
sin
2
0
Mode 1 = Mode 2
R
L e
u
1
tan

= ( )
2
2
L R Z e + =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Full Converter (RL-load)
RMS Current
for Thyristor
( )
}
+
=
o t
o
e
t
t d i I
L R
2
2
1
RMS Current
for Thyristor
( )
}
+
=
o t
o
e
t
t d i I
L A
2
1
RMS Output
Current
R R R rms
I I I I 2
2 2
= + =
AVG Output
Current
A A A dc
I I I I 2 = + =
POWER ELECTRONICS
Dual
Converter
POWER ELECTRONICS
Single-Phase Dual Converter
High-Power Variable-Speed Drives
2 1
2 2
1 1
cos
2
cos
2
dc dc
m
dc
m
dc
V V
V
V
V
V
=
=
=
o
t
o
t
POWER ELECTRONICS
Three-Phase
Semiconverter
POWER ELECTRONICS
3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.
They provide higher dc output voltage.
Higher dc output power.
Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
Filtering requirements are simplified for
smoothing out load voltage and load
current.
POWER ELECTRONICS

Extensively used in high power variable
speed industrial dc drives.
Three single phase half-wave converters
can be connected together to form a three
phase half-wave converter.
POWER ELECTRONICS
3-Phase
Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with
RL Load
Continuous & Constant
Load Current Operation
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages
V
AN
V
CN
V
BN
120
0
120
0
120
0
RN AN
YN BN
BN CN
v v
v v
v v
=
=
=
POWER ELECTRONICS
3 Phase Supply Voltage
Equations
We deifine three line to neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
sin ;
Max. Phase Voltage
2
sin
3
sin 120
2
sin
3
sin 120
sin 240
RN an m
m
YN bn m
m
BN cn m
m
m
v v V t
V
v v V t
V t
v v V t
V t
V t
e
t
e
e
t
e
e
e
= =
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= +
=
POWER ELECTRONICS
v
an
v
bn
v
cn
v
an
POWER ELECTRONICS
i
o
=I
a
Constant Load
Current
I
a
I
a
Each thyristor conducts for 2t/3 (120
0
)
POWER ELECTRONICS
To Derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
with RL Load
for Continuous Load Current
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
30
6
5
150
6
7
270
6
2
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians
3
T is triggered at t
T is triggered at t
T is triggered at t
t
e o o
t
e o o
t
e o o
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
5
6
6
5
6
6
3
sin .
2
3
cos
2
3 5
cos cos
2 6 6
m
dc
m
dc
m
dc
V
V t d t
V
V t
V
V
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
e e
t
e
t
t t
o o
t
+
+
+
+
(
(
=
(
(

(
(
=
(
(

(
| | | |
= + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

}
POWER ELECTRONICS
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0
Note from the trigonometric relationship
cos cos .cos sin .sin
5 5
cos cos sin sin
6 6
3
2
co
cos 150 cos sin 150 sin
3
2
cos 30
s .cos sin sin
6 6
.cos
m
dc
m
dc
A
V
V
B A B A B
V
V
t t
o o
t
t t
o
o
o
o
t
o
+ =
(
| | | |
+
| |
(
\ . \ .
(
=
(
| | | |
+
( | |
\ . \ .

+
=

( )
( )
0
sin 30 sin o
(
(
(

POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
Note: cos 1
cos 180 30 cos sin 180 30 sin
3
2
cos 30 .cos sin 30 sin
cos 30 cos sin 30 sin
3
2
cos 30 .cos sin 30 s
80 30 cos 30
sin 180 30 sin 30
in
m
dc
m
dc
V
V
V
V
o o
t
o o
o o
t
o o
=
(
+
(
=
(
+

(
+ +
(
=
(
+

POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
3
2cos 30 cos
2
3 3
2 cos
2 2
3 3 3
3 cos cos
2 2
3
cos
2
Where 3 Max. line to line supply voltage
m
dc
m
dc
m m
dc
Lm
dc
Lm m
V
V
V
V
V V
V
V
V
V V
o
t
o
t
o o
t t
o
t
(
=

(
=
(

(
= =

=
= =
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
max
The maximum average or dc output voltage is
obtained at a delay angle 0 and is given by
3 3
2
Where is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
m
dm
dc
m
d
dcn n
V
V V
V
V
V V
o
t
=
= =
= = cos
c
dm
V
o =
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
1
5
2
6
2 2
6
1
2
The rms value of output voltage is found by
using the equation
3
sin .
2
and we obtain
1 3
3 cos 2
6 8
m
O RMS
m
O RMS
V V t d t
V V
t
o
t
o
e e
t
o
t
+
+
(
(
=
(
(

(
= +
(

}
POWER ELECTRONICS
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load
at
Different Trigger Angles
POWER ELECTRONICS
0
0
30
0
30
0
60
0
60
0
90
0
90
0
120
0
120
0
150
0
150
0
180
0
180
0
210
0
210
0
240
0
240
0
270
0
270
0
300
0
300
0
330
0
330
0
360
0
360
0
390
0
390
0
420
0
420
0
V
an
|
V
0
|
V
0
V
an
o
o
o=30
0
o=60
0
V
bn
V
bn
V
cn
V
cn
et
et
o=30
0

o=60
0

POWER ELECTRONICS
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
390
0
420
0
|
V
0
V
an
o
o=90
0
V
bn
V
cn
et
o=90
0

POWER ELECTRONICS
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
R Load
and
RL Load with FWD
POWER ELECTRONICS
a a
b b
c c
R
V
0
L
R
V
0
+

T
1
T
2
T
3
n n
T
1
T
2
T
3
POWER ELECTRONICS
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For R Load
or RL Load with FWD
at
Different Trigger Angles
POWER ELECTRONICS
0
0
30
0
30
0
60
0
60
0
90
0
90
0
120
0
120
0
150
0
150
0
180
0
180
0
210
0
210
0
240
0
240
0
270
0
270
0
300
0
300
0
330
0
330
0
360
0
360
0
390
0
390
0
420
0
420
0
V
s
V
0
V
an
o
o=0
o=15
0
V
bn
V
cn
et
V
an
V
bn
V
cn
et
o=0
0

o=15
0

POWER ELECTRONICS
0
0
30
0
30
0
60
0
60
0
90
0
90
0
120
0
120
0
150
0
150
0
180
0
180
0
210
0
210
0
240
0
240
0
270
0
270
0
300
0
300
0
330
0
330
0
360
0
360
0
390
0
390
0
420
0
420
0
o
o
V
0
o=30
0
V
an
V
bn
V
cn
et
V
0
o=60
0
V
an
V
bn
V
cn
et
o=30
0

o=60
0

POWER ELECTRONICS
To Derive An
Expression For The Average Or
Dc Output Voltage Of A
3 Phase Half Wave Converter
With Resistive Load
Or
RL Load With FWD
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
1
0 0
1
0
2
0 0
2
0
30
6
30 180 ;
sin
5
150
6
150 300 ;
sin 120
O an m
O bn m
T is triggered at t
T conducts from to
v v V t
T is triggered at t
T conducts from to
v v V t
t
e o o
o
e
t
e o o
o
e
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
+
= =
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
+
= =
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
3
0 0
3
0
0
7
270
6
270 420 ;
sin 240
sin 120
O cn m
m
T is triggered at t
T conducts from to
v v V t
V t
t
e o o
o
e
e
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
+
= =
= +
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
180
30
0 0
180
30
180
30
3
.
2
sin ; for 30 to 180
3
sin .
2
3
sin .
2
dc O
O an m
dc m
m
dc
V v d t
v v V t t
V V t d t
V
V t d t
o
o
o
e
t
e e o
e e
t
e e
t
+
+
+
(
=
(
(

= = = +
(
=
(
(

(
=
(
(

}
}
}
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
0
0
180
30
0 0
0
0
3
cos
2
3
cos180 cos 30
2
cos180 1, we get
3
1 cos 30
2
m
dc
m
dc
m
dc
V
V t
V
V
V
V
o
e
t
o
t
o
t
+
(
=
(
(

(
= + +

=
(
= + +

POWER ELECTRONICS
Three Phase Semiconverters
3 Phase semiconverters are used in
Industrial dc drive applications upto 120kW
power output.
Single quadrant operation is possible.
Power factor decreases as the delay angle
increases.
Power factor is better than that of 3 phase
half wave converter.
POWER ELECTRONICS
3 Phase
Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi Converter)
with Highly Inductive Load &
Continuous Ripple free Load
Current
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
Wave forms of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for
o > 60
0
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
0 0
1
3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of
output voltage is 3
The delay angle can be varied from 0 to
During the period
30 210
7
, thyristor T is forward biased
6 6
S
f
t
t
o t
e
t t
e
s <
s <
POWER ELECTRONICS

1
1 1
If thyristor is triggered at ,
6
& conduct together and the line to line voltage
appears across the load.
7
At , becomes negative & FWD conducts.
6
The load current contin
ac
ac m
T t
T D
v
t v D
t
e o
t
e
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
1 1
ues to flow through FWD ;
and are turned off.
m
D
T D
POWER ELECTRONICS

1
2
1 2
If FWD is not used the would continue to
conduct until the thyristor is triggered at
5
, and Free wheeling action would
6
be accomplished through & .
If the delay angle , e
3
m
D T
T
t
T D
t
e o
t
o
| |
= +
|
\ .
s ach thyristor conducts
2
for and the FWD does not conduct.
3
m
D
t
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
We deifine three line neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
sin ; Max. Phase Voltage
2
sin sin 120
3
2
sin sin 120
3
sin 240
RN an m m
YN bn m m
BN cn m m
m
v v V t V
v v V t V t
v v V t V t
V t
V
e
t
e e
t
e e
e
= = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = + = +
|
\ .
=
is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source.
m
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 sin
6
5
3 sin
6
3 sin
2
3 sin
6
RB ac an cn m
YR ba bn an m
BY cb cn bn m
RY ab an bn m
v v v v V t
v v v v V t
v v v v V t
v v v v V t
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = = +
|
\ .
| |
= = = +
|
\ .
POWER ELECTRONICS
Wave forms of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for
o s 60
0

POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS
To derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage
of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for o > t / 3
and Discontinuous Output Voltage
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
7
6
6
7
6
6
For and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
3
.
2
3
3 sin
2 6
dc ac
dc m
V v d t
V V t d t
t
t
o
t
t
o
t
o
e
t
t
e e
t
+
+
>
(
(
=
(

(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .

}
}
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
max
3 3
1 cos
2
3
1 cos
2
3 Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of 0 is
3 3

m
dc
mL
dc
mL m
m
dm
dc
V
V
V
V
V V
V
V V
o
t
o
t
o
t
= +
= +
= =
=
= =
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
1
7
2
6
2
6
The normalized average output voltage is
0.5 1 cos
The rms output voltage is found from
3
.
2
dc
n
dm
ac
O rms
V
V
V
V v d t
t
t
o
o
e
t
+
= = +
(
(
=
(

}
POWER ELECTRONICS
Three Phase Dual Converters

For four quadrant operation in many industrial
variable speed dc drives , 3 phase dual
converters are used.
Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output
power level.
Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full
converters which are connected in parallel & in
opposite directions across a common load.

POWER ELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICS

POWER ELECTRONICS

POWER ELECTRONICS
Outputs of Converters 1 & 2

During the interval (t/6 + o
1
) to (t/2 + o
1
),
the line to line voltage v
ab
appears across
the output of converter 1 and v
bc
appears
across the output of converter 2

POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
We deifine three line neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
sin ;
Max. Phase Voltage
2
sin sin 120
3
2
sin sin 120
3
sin 240
RN an m
m
YN bn m m
BN cn m m
m
v v V t
V
v v V t V t
v v V t V t
V t
e
t
e e
t
e e
e
= =
=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = + = +
|
\ .
=
POWER ELECTRONICS
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
We deifine three line neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
sin ;
Max. Phase Voltage
2
sin sin 120
3
2
sin sin 120
3
sin 240
RN an m
m
YN bn m m
BN cn m m
m
v v V t
V
v v V t V t
v v V t V t
V t
e
t
e e
t
e e
e
= =
=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= = + = +
|
\ .
=
POWER ELECTRONICS
To obtain an Expression for the Circulating
Current

If v
O1
and v
O2
are the output voltages of
converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
instantaneous voltage across the current
limiting inductor during the interval
(t/6 + o
1
) s et s (t/2 + o
1
) is given by
POWER ELECTRONICS
1 2
3 sin sin
6 2
3 cos
6
The circulating current can be calculated by
using the equation
r O O ab bc
r m
r m
v v v v v
v V t t
v V t
t t
e e
t
e
= + =
(
| | | |
= +
| |
(
\ . \ .

| |
=
|
\ .
POWER ELECTRONICS
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
6
6
1
max
1
.
1
3 cos .
6
3
sin sin
6
3
t
r r
r
t
r m
r
m
r
r
m
r
r
i t v d t
L
i t V t d t
L
V
i t t
L
V
i
L
e
t
o
e
t
o
e
e
t
e e
e
t
e o
e
e
+
+
=
| |
=
|
\ .
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

=
}
}
POWER ELECTRONICS
Four Quadrant Operation
POWER ELECTRONICS
There are two different modes of
operation.
Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
Circulating current mode of operation

POWER ELECTRONICS
Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
In this mode of operation only one converter is
switched on at a time
When the converter 1 is switched on,
For o
1
< 90
0
the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
V
dc
is positive, I
dc
is positive and hence the
average load power P
dc
is positive.
Power flows from ac source to the load
POWER ELECTRONICS
When the converter 1 is on,
For o
1
> 90
0
the converter 1
operates in the Inversion mode
V
dc
is negative, I
dc
is positive and the
average load power P
dc
is negative.
Power flows from load circuit to ac
source.
POWER ELECTRONICS
When the converter 2 is switched on,
For o
2
< 90
0
the converter 2 operates in
the Rectification mode
V
dc
is negative, I
dc
is negative and the
average load power P
dc
is positive.
The output load voltage & load current
reverse when converter 2 is on.
Power flows from ac source to the load

POWER ELECTRONICS
When the converter 2 is switched on,
For o
2
> 90
0
the converter 2 operates in the
Inversion mode
V
dc
is positive, I
dc
is negative and the average
load power P
dc
is negative.
Power flows from load to the ac source.
Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the ac
supply.

POWER ELECTRONICS
Both the converters are switched on at the same
time.
One converter operates in the rectification mode
while the other operates in the inversion mode.
Trigger angles o
1
& o
2
are adjusted such that
(o
1
+ o
2
) = 180
0


Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
POWER ELECTRONICS
When o
1
< 90
0
, converter 1 operates
as a controlled rectifier. o
2
is made
greater than 90
0
and converter 2
operates as an Inverter.
V
dc
is positive & I
dc
is positive and
P
dc
is positive.

POWER ELECTRONICS

When o
2
< 90
0
, converter 2 operates
as a controlled rectifier. o
1
is made
greater than 90
0
and converter 1
operates as an Inverter.
V
dc
is negative & I
dc
is negative and
P
dc
is positive.