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Welding Processes
Ship Structures
A Brief History of Welding
A Brief History of Welding
Late 19
th
Century
Scientists/engineers apply advances in electricity to heat
and/or join metals (Le Chatelier, Joule, etc.
!arly "#
th
Century
$rior to %%& 'elding 'as not trusted as a method to join
t'o metals due to crac( issues
19)#*s and +#*s
&ndustrial 'elding gains acceptance and is used e,tensively
in the 'ar e--ort to .uild tan(s, aircra-t, ships, etc.
/odern %elding
the nuclear/space age helps .ring 'elding -rom an art to a
science
Types of Welding
Types of Welding
Fusion Welding Pressure Welding
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Brazing Soldering
Gas Welding
Electroslag
High Energy Beam
Electric Arc
MIG
TIG
Shielded Metal Arc Stick
Friction Welding
Weldability of a Metal
Weldability of a Metal
/etallurgical Capacity
/echanical Soundness
Servicea.ility
3,yacetylene gas
!lectric 4rc
$lasma 4rc
Laser
Fusion Welding
Fusion Welding
BASE METAL
WELD
SOLDFED SLA!
A"# POOL
WELD$! ATMOSPHE"E
#O"E W"E
ELE#T"ODE #OAT$!
A"# ST"EAM
PE$ET"ATO$
DEPTH
Weld Metal Protection
Weld Metal Protection
/ethods
%eld 1lu,es
&nert 8ases
9acuum
Weld Fluxes
Weld Fluxes
:ypical -lu,es
Si3
"
, :i3
"
, 1e3, /g3, 4l
"
3
)
;sed in
/&8
:&8
?r, 2-, :i
3,yacetylene Cutting/%elding
$rocessB
;ndercuts/3verlaps
8rain 8ro'th
4 'ide : 'ill e,ist .et'een .ase metal and 24?.
$reheating and cooling methods 'ill a--ect the .rittleness o-
the metal in this region
0lo'holes
4re cavities caused .y gas entrapment during the
solidi-ication o- the 'eld puddle. $revented .y proper 'eld
techni=ue (even temperature and speed
Weld 'efects
Weld 'efects
&nclusions
&mpurities or -oreign su.stances 'hich are -orced into the 'eld
puddle during the 'elding process. 2as the same e--ect as a crac(.
$revented .y proper techni=ue/cleanliness.
Segregation
Condition 'here some regions o- the metal are enriched 'ith an
alloy ingredient and others aren*t. Can .e prevented .y proper heat
treatment and cooling.
$orosity
:he -ormation o- tiny pinholes generated .y atmospheric
contamination. $revented .y (eeping a protective shield over the
molten 'eld puddle.
(esidual Stresses
(esidual Stresses
$revention
!dge $reparation/4lignment D .eveled edges and space
.et'een components to allo' movement
Control o- heat input D s(ip or intermittent 'eld techni=ue
$reheating D reduces e,pansion/contraction -orces (alloys
and removes moisture -rom the sur-ace
$eening D help metal stretch as it cools .y hitting 'ith a
hammer. ;se 'ith care since it may 'or( harden the metal
2eat :reatment D 6soa(7 the metal at a high temperature to
relieve stresses
Jigs and 1i,tures D prevent distortion .y holding metal -i,ed
>um.er o- $asses D the -e'er the .etter.
)oint 'esign
)oint 'esign
BUTT JOINT BUTT JOINT
ST"AP 6O$T
LAP 6O$T
FLLET 6O$T
#O"$E" 6O$T
Generali*ed Welding Sy!bol
Generali*ed Welding Sy!bol
FAR SIDE DETAILS
ARROW SIDE DETAILS
Field 7eld sym+ol
Weld all(around 8or
-i-es9 etc:
L1-L2
L1-L2
D ; Weld De-th 2usually e<ual to -late thic=ness3
L> ; Weld Length
L/ ; Distance +et7een centers 8or stitched 7elds
:he 1ield %eld Sym.ol is a guide -or installation. Shipyards
normally do not use it, e,cept in modular construction.
Electrode
Material
D
D
Weld !eometry
+xa!ple Welding Sy!bol
+xa!ple Welding Sy!bol
>?/@ >?/@
>?/
>?/
3ne<sided 'elds are ma, E#F e--icient
:'o sided are 1##F e--icient
!eometry sym+ol 8or 1(groo,e
Weld Sy!bols #Butt )oints%
Weld Sy!bols #Butt )oints%
Backing
Weld Sy!bol #Fillet )oints%
Weld Sy!bol #Fillet )oints%
Weld Sy!bol #,orner )oints%
Weld Sy!bol #,orner )oints%