Why do we

fall ill.
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Organisms that cause diseases can be
classified into various groups:

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Multicellular organisms like worms
(different kinds)






IMPORTANCE OF THIS CLASSIFICATION
All these groups have many biological characteristics and
many are common.
By categorizing them into groups the treatment can be
decided easily.

The main idea here is that the drugs can effect only
members of one group.
It will not work against a microbe of any other group.

The best example can be the antibiotics.
They are commonly to block bacterial biochemical
pathways.
These effect only the bacterial group.
They do not effect viruses as they dont use these
pathways at all!
MEANS
OF
SPREAD

Well there are so many ways by which diseases
can spread.


Means of
spread
Sexual
contact
Vectors
Air Water
Waterborne
Airborne
Diseases such as
typhoid, cholera, etc
spread through water.

This happens due to
unclean water.
When excreta from an
infected person mixes with
the drinking water and
further when this water is
consumed such diseases
spread.




Diseases such as
influenza, tuberculosis,
etc spread through air.
When an infected
person sneezes or
coughs, he throws out
tiny droplets into the
atmosphere which
contain microbes. When
a healthy person
breathes in these
droplets the microbes
enters in the persons
body and starts a new
infection.

Vibrio cholerae
Salmonella typhi
Sexual contact
Vectors
Diseases such as AIDS and
syphilis are transmitted by
sexual contact from
partner to partner.

They do not spread due
to casual physical contact.

Diseases can spread
through blood-to-blood
contact as well.


Vectors are
intermediaries of diseases
and carry infecting agents
from a sick person to a
healthy person and
spread diseases.

One common example
of a vector is a mosquito.
ORGAN-SPECIFIC AND TISSUE
SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS
Different microbes are likely to enter from different parts of the body
and go to infect entry related parts.
Some have different targets.
The signs and symptoms of various diseases depends on the target
area.
Other than these, there will be other common effects caused due to
the immune system of our body.
Ultimately its not the main disease which kills but the infection our
body cant fight against.
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

To reduce the effect of the disease.
To kill the cause of the disease.
To reduce the effect of the
disease
Treatment can be provided to
reduce the symptoms which are
because of inflammation.
The disadvantage in this is that
only the symptoms reduce but the
microbe id not killed and the
disease will persist.
To kill the cause of the
disease
One way to kill microbes is by
using medicines that kill the
microbes.
Antibiotics can kill only a
particular group of pathogens.
ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are reserved for bacterial infections, because these types of drugs have
no effect on illnesses caused by viruses. But sometimes it's difficult to tell which
type of germ is at work. For example, some types of pneumonia are caused by
viruses while others are caused by bacteria.
The over use of antibiotics has resulted in several types of bacteria developing
resistance to one or more varieties of antibiotics. This makes these bacteria much
more difficult to treat.
Severe fungal
infections can affect
the lungs or the
mucous membranes
of the mouth and
throat most
commonly in people
who have weakened
immune systems.

Antifungals are the
drugs of choice for
these types of
infections.



Drugs have been
developed to treat
some, but not all,
viruses.
Viruses that cause:
AIDS
Herpes
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Influenza

Antiviral Antifungal Antiparasitic

Some diseases,
including malaria,
are caused by tiny
parasites. While
there are drugs to
treat these
diseases, some
varieties of
parasites have
developed
resistance to the
drugs.
Immunity is the natural capability of
the body to resist the entry of any
other organism in the body.

Can anyone tell how the immune
system works?

Immunity
Not everyone has the same power to
resist microbes from entering the body.
Their immune system has to be made
reactive against the microbes.

How can this be done?
Immunization
VACCINATION
Vaccination is a technique to develop immunity without
infection wherein vaccines,
i.e. , weakened or dead pathogen or a portion of the
pathogen is infected into a person who is required to be
made immune. The pathogen in the vaccine stimulates the
formation of antibodies by the host immune system, thereby
protecting him from a particular disease.
Why Prevention Is Better Than Cure
Once someone has a disease, their body functions
are damaged and may never recover completely.
One can become a cause for the spread of the
disease.
The treatment can take a very long time.
Preventive Measures
By following personal and public hygiene.
Drinking safe water
Eating good stored food.
Having balanced diet to boost up ones immune
system.
Rest and relaxation
Avoid being In over crowded situations
By vaccination
Exercise
Regular medical checkup
Sl.NO
DISEASE CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
CONTROL
MEASURES
1. MALARIA PLASMODIUM
(PROTOZOA)
BITE OF FEMALE
ANAPHELES
MOSQUITO
PREVENTING THE
BREEDING OF
MOSQUITOS
QUININE
2. DIARRHOEA PROTOZOA,
BACTERIA OR
VIRUS
CONTAMINATED
FOOD AND WATER
PROPER
SANITATION,
PERSONAL
HYGIENE
ORS( ORAL
REHYDRATIO--N
SOLUTION)
3. CHOLERA VIBRIO CHOLERAE
(BACTERIA)
CONTAMINATED
FOOD AND WATER
PROPER
SANITATION,
VACCINATION
ANTIBIOTICS,
ORS
4. TYPHOID SALMONELLA
TYPHI
(BACTERIA)
CONTAMINATED
FOOD AND WATER
PROPER SEWAGE,
SAFE DRINKING
WATER AND TAB
VACCINATION
ANTIBIOTICS

Sl.NO

DISEASE

CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM

MODE OF
TRANSMISSION

PREVENTIVE
MEASURES

CONTROL
MEASURES
5. TUBERCULOSIS MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULAE
(BACTERIA)
COUGHING,
SNEEZING,
CONTAMINATED
MILK.
PUBLIC
AWARENESS,
PROPER
SANITATION,
BCG VACCINE
ANTIBIOTICS
6. HEPATITIS HEPATITIS VIRUS
(A AND G)
CONTAMINATED
FOOD AND WATER
AND BODY FLUIDS
USE OF TESTED
BLOOD,
DISPOSABLE
NEEDLES AND
SYRINGES,
HEPATITIS
VACCINE
BED REST,
FOOD RICH
IN
CARBOHYDR
ATES, LOW
IN FATS AND
PROTEINS,
ANTIVIRAL
INJECTION
Sl.NO
DISEASE CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
CONTROL
MEASURES
7. INFLUENZA MYCOVIRUS
INFLUENZAE
COUGHING,
SNEEZING
KEEPING AWAY
FROM INFECTED
PEOPLE
ONLY BED RST
AND FLUIDS
PROVIDE
RELIEF
8. RABIES RABIES VIRUS BITE OF INFECTED
ANIMAL
WASH THE BITE,
ANTIRABIES
VACCINE, PETS
TO BE
VACCINATED
NO PROPER
CURE AFTER
DISEASE
DEVELOPS
9. AIDS(ACQUIRED
IMMUNO
DEFIENCIENCY
SYNDROME
HUMAN IMMUNO
DEFICIENCY
VIRUS
INFECTED BLOOD,
MOTHERS MILK,
MOTHER TO
FEOTUS
SCREENING OF
BLOOD AND
DONORS, USE OF
DISPOSABLE
NEEDLES AND
SYRINGES,
COMBINATION
OF DRUGS
CAN SLOW
DOWN THE
DISEASE
Presentation by

Srushti
Hritika
Aishwarya
Elsa