Thermodynamic Cycles

Chapters 8, 9 and 10
For the rest of the semester..
Look at different cycles that approximate real
processes
You can categorize these processes several
different ways
Power Cycles vs Refrigeration
Gas vs Vapor
Closed vs open
Internal Combustion vs External Combustion
Power Cycles
Subject of Chapters 8 and 9
Otto Cycle
Spark Ignition
Diesel Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Gas Turbine
Rankine Cycle
Vapor
Real vs. Ideal
Thermal Efficiency
q
th
net
in
W
Q
=
These are all heat engines. They convert heat
to work, so the efficiency is:
Ideal Cycles
Well be using ideal cycles to analyze real
systems, so lets start with the only ideal cycle
weve studied thus far
Carnot Cycle
Ts diagram
T
S
1 2
1-2 Isothermal Heat
Addition

3
2-3 Isentropic
Expansion

4
3-4 Isothermal
Heat Rejection

4-1 Isentropic
Compression

Q=T dS
}
Pv Diagram
P
v
4-1 Isentropic
Compression

1
2
1-2 Isothermal Heat
Addition

3
2-3 Isentropic
Expansion

3-4 Isothermal
Heat Rejection

4
W=P dV
}
And
Since it is a cycle
Q-W=0
Q=W
In addition, we know that the efficiency for a
Carnot Cycle is:

q
th Carnot
L
H
T
T
,
= 1
W
Q
W
net
= Q
net

Carnot Cycle is not a good model for
most things
For example
Internal combustion engine
Gas turbine
We need to develop a new model, that is still
ideal
Air-Standard Assumptions
Air continuously circulates in a closed loop and
behaves as an ideal gas
All the processes are internally reversible
Combustion is replaced by a heat-addition
process from the outside
Heat rejection replaces the exhaust process

Cold Air Standard Assumptions
Also assume a constant value for C
p
, evaluated
at room temperature
Terminology for Reciprocating
Devices
Compression Ratio
r
V
V
V
V
BDC
TDC
= =
max
min
Mean Effective Pressure
}
=
2
1
PdV W
V P W A =
v
v
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant Volume Heat Addition
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
4-1 Constant Volume Heat Rejection
Thermal Efficiency of the Otto Cycle
q
th
net
in
net
in
in out
in
out
in
W
Q
Q
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
Q
= = =

= 1
Apply First Law Closed System to Process 2-3,
V = Constant
}
= + = + =
A =
3
2
23 , 23 , 23 ,
23 23 , 23 ,
0 0 PdV W W W
U W Q
b other net
net net
Q U
Q Q mC T T
net
net in v
,
,
( )
23 23
23 3 2
=
= =
A
Apply First Law Closed System to Process 4-1,
V = Constant
0 0
1
4
41 , 41 , 41 ,
41 41 , 41 ,
= + = + =
A =
}
PdV W W W
U W Q
b other net
net net
Q U
Q Q mC T T
Q mC T T mC T T
net
net out v
out v v
,
,
( )
( ) ( )
41 41
41 1 4
1 4 4 1
=
= =
= =
A
q
th Otto
out
in
v
v
Q
Q
mC T T
mC T T
,
( )
( )
=
=

1
1
4 1
3 2
q
th Otto
T T
T T
T T T
T T T
,
( )
( )
( / )
( / )
=

1
1
1
1
4 1
3 2
1 4 1
2 3 2
Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so



1
3
4
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
T
and

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k k
v
v T
v
v
T
T
But..
V
3
= V
2
and V
4
= V
1

T
T
T
T
or
T
T
T
T
2
1
3
4
4
1
3
2
=
=
T
T
T
T
or
T
T
T
T
2
1
3
4
4
1
3
2
=
=
q
th Otto
T T
T T
T T T
T T T
,
( )
( )
( / )
( / )
=

1
1
1
1
4 1
3 2
1 4 1
2 3 2
1
q
th Otto
T
T
,
= 1
1
2
Is this the same as the Carnot
efficiency?
NO!!
Efficiency of the Otto Cycle vs Carnot
Cycle
There are only two temperatures in the Carnot
cycle
Heat is added at T
H

Heat is rejected at T
L

There are four temperatures in the Otto cycle!!
Heat is added over a range of temperatures
Heat is rejected over a range of temperatures
1
1
1
2
2
1
1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k
k
r V
V
T
T
Since process 1-2 is isentropic,
q
th Otto
k
r
,
=

1
1
1
q
th Otto
T
T
,
= 1
1
2
Increasing Compression Ratio
Increases the Efficiency
Typical
Compression
Ratios for
Gasoline Engines
Why not use higher compression
Ratios?
Premature Ignition
Causes Knock
Reduces the Efficiency
Hard on the Engine