ORI000003 CDMA2000 Principle (WLL) ISSUE2.0

ORI000003 CDMA2000
Principle
ISSUE 2.0
Wireless
Wireless Curriculum
Curriculum Development
Development Section
Section
Objectives
After this presentation, you will be familiar with:
 the development of mobile communication system

 the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling,
spreading and modulation etc.

power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
 Long code, short code and Walsh code
Number planning
Confidential Information of
Huawei. Security Level: Internal
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4: CDMA Number Planning
Development of Mobile Communications
Introduction
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)
GSM UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC
3G provides:
 Complete integrated service
solutions
 High bandwidth
 Unified air interface
 Best spectral efficiency and
……………… a step towards PCS
Transmission Techniques
Introduction
CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
Tim u en for example, WCDMA and
e q
e Fr CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
cy example, DAMPS and GSM
Tim uen
q
e Fre
FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us e r
Power Us e r
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Us y are allocated to different users,for example,
e nc
Tim r ue
e req AMPS and TACS
F
TDMA Introduction
user
user
user
user
Power
user
y
e nc
qu
Fre
Tim
e
3G Objectives
Introduction
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal frequency band for standard and seamless
global coverage
 High spectral efficiency
 High quality of service with complete security and
reliability
 Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible
with 2G
 Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
 Vehicle environment: 144kbps
 Walking environment: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2Mbps
Standards for 3G
Introduction
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD mode TDD mode
A Comparison b/w 3G standards
Introduction
WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA
Receiver type RAKE RAKE RAKE
Close loop power

control Supported Supported Supported
Handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff

Demodulation
Coherent Coherent Coherent
mode
Chip rate (Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28
Transmission TSTD, STTD

OTD, STS No
diversity mode FBTD
Synchronization Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
mode
Core network GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
Development of CDMA
Introduction
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
IS95A IS95A  Heavier voice

115.2kbps service capacity ;
9.6kbps CDMA2000
 Longer period of 1X EV
standby time
1995 1998
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003
 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

 Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
 Smooth transit to 3G
Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Introduction
 Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block CDMA ChannelCDMA Mobile Station Base Station

Designator Validity Channel
Number
A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330
B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320
A’(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820
B’(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310
The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:
F=870+N*0.03
N: CDMA Channel Number

Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Introduction
 Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

Designator Channel Channel
Validity Number
A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750
F=1930+N*0.05

Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000
Introduction
 Band Class 5 System Frequency
Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

Designator Channel Channel
Validity Number
A Valid 146-275 453.625456.850 463.625-466.850
B Valid 106-235 452.625-455.850 462.625-465.850
C Valid 26-168 450.625-454.175 460.625-464.175
D Valid 564-681 412.300-415.225 422.300-425.225
E Valid 717-846 416.125-419.350 426.125-429.350
H Valid 1070-1229 451.930-455.110 461.930-465.110
F=460+N*0.025

CDMA WLL Network Structure
Introduction
SMC
MIP HA
PDSN/FA
Um
INTERNET
Abis A10/A11
BTS
FW T
Abis AAA
Optical RAC6610 V5
BTS LE
Softsite Fiber
V5
Um
E1/STM-1
LE
Abis
BTS
RemoteModule
Model
Course Organization
Correlation
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
+1
Correlation 100% so the

-1 functions are parallel
+1
(a)
-1
+1
-1 Correlation 0% so the
functions are orthogonal
+1
(b)
Orthogonal Function
 Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary

sequences are orthogonal if their “XOR” output contains equal
number of 1’s and 0’s
EXAMPLE:
0000 1010
0101 0101
0101 1111
Information spreading over orthogonal codes
+1
-1
User Input 1 0 0 1 1
Orthogonal
Sequence 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
Tx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
+1
-1
Information recovery
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Correct Function 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1 0 0 1 1
+1
-1
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Incorrect Function 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
? ? ? ? ?
Spreading and De-spreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
S（ f） S（ f）
information
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading
S（ f） S（ f）
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading
information pulse interference White noise
S(f) is the energy density.

Signal flow
RF
Source Convolution
Interleaving Scrambling Spreading Modulation transmission
coding &
Interleaving
Decovolution
Source deinterleaving RF receiving
& Unscrambling De-spreading Demodulation
decoding Deinterleaving
Common Technical Terms
 Bit, Symbol, Chip:

 A bit is the input data which contain information
 A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block
interleaving
 A chip is the output of spreading
 Processing Gain:
 Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
 The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
 Forward direction: Information path from base station to
mobile station
 Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to
base station
Source Coding
Vocoder:
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
Characteristics
Support voice activity
In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve
better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces
its transmission power.
Channel Coding
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)
Input Output (symbols)

(bits)
convolution encoder
Turbo Code
Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

 Characteristics of the Turbo code:
 The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.
 The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits, but
also by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

code.
Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 5
5 2 5
3 5
4 5 5
6 5
7 5
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
The direction of the data stream
Scrambling (M) sequence
0 0 1
1 1 0
Out
 Two points are important here:

 Maximum number of shift register (N)
 Mask
 The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits

 Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed
 PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
Long Code
 The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips

 The functions of a long code:
 Scramble the forward CDMA channel
 Control the insertion of power control bit
 Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the
mobile stations
Short Code
 Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

 Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish
different sectors
PNc
PNb
PNa
 Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN

offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215 /64=512).
Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Wn Wn W1=0 0 0 0 0
Walsh code W2n= 0 1 0 1
Wn Wn 0 0 W4 =
W2= 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and

each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.
A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the

position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101
code in W4 matrix
Walsh Code
 In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code
 Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link
 For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one

Walsh code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the
output after spreading is W51 64 (110011=51).
 For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define

the type of channel (RC 3-9)
Variable Walsh codes
The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates
W08 =00000000
( W016 ,W816)
W04 =0000
64 W48 =00001111
W02 =00 ( W416 ,W1216 )
W28 =00110011
( W216 ,W1416 )
W68 =00111100
W01 =0 W24 =0011 ( W616 ,W1416 )
32 W18 =01010101
W14 =0101 ( W116,W916 )
W58 =01011010
16 ( W516 ,W1316 )
8 W38 =01100110
4
W12 =01 ( W316 ,W1116 )
2
1
9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400 W78 =01101001

W34 =0110 ( W716,W1516 )
Data rate -bps-

Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
I Baseband filter
s(t)
A
Q
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
.
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system
After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted
into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.
 Power Control
 Handoff
 Diversity and RAKE
Power Control
Reverse power control

 Open loop power control
 Closed loop power control
 Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
 Outer loop power control
Forward power control

 Message transmission mode:
 threshold transmission
 periodic transmission
 Closed loop power control

.
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
• The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by

the following factors:
 Distance from the base station
 Load of the cell
 Circumstance of the code channels
• The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received

power.
BTS
Reverse Open Loop
Power Control
BTS
Mobile BTS
Transmitting
Power
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value FER Value

BSC
BTS
Change in Eb/Nt Value
Inner Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Forward Power Control
Message Transmission Mode
 MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station

to the result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical
mode. Base station determines whether to change the
forward transmitting power or not.
 In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in
CDMA2000 system it is fast.
Forward Closed Loop Power Control
 Compared with IS-95 system, CDMA2000 the forward

quick power control is fast.
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value
BTS
Handoff
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector
Softer handoff
Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between
multi-sectors in the same base station
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not
synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in
voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does
not effect the user communication
Soft/Softer Handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs
Power received from

a single sector
Combine all the

power from each
sector
Pilot Set
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset
Active The pilot set, corresponding to the base

Set station being connected
Candidate The pilot set, not in the active set but

Set potential to be demodulated
Neighbor The pilot set, not included in the active set or

Set the candidate set but being possible to be
added in the candidate set
Remaining
Other pilot sets
Set
T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP
Sector
A Sector
B
Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Add Threshold
(T_ADD)
DropThreshold
(T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region
Time
T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.

T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.
T_DROP is a timer.
Comparison Threshold
Pilot strength Pilot P0
Pilot P2
T_COMP×0.5dB
Pilot P1
T_ADD
t0 t1 t2
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.
P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.
t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD
t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB
t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
Transition Between Pilot Sets
Pilot
strength
Pilot 1 Pilot 2
T_TDROP
T_ADD
T_TDROP
T_DROP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TIME
Neighbor Candidate Active Candidate Neighbor

Set Set Set Set Set
Transmit Diversity
 Time diversity
 Block interleaving, error-correction
 Frequency diversity
 The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ
bandwidth.
 Space diversity
 The introduction of twin receive antennas .
 The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base station can
combine the signals of different time delay.
 During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base
stations and searches for the strongest frame
Transmission Diversity
The forward transmission diversity types in

CDMA2000 1X are
 TD (Transmit Diversity)
 OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)
– The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread by
the orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted by two antennas.
 STS (Space Time Spreading)
– All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-
antennas.
– Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code
 Non-TD
Transmission Diversity
Data stream 1 Pa
th
1
Data stream Restoring data stream
Transmission Antenna 1
diversity
processing
2
Path
Data stream 2
Antenna 2
The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of MS.
The Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system
Course Organization
Physical Channel in IS-95A
CDMA Air Interface
Forward channel
 Forward Pilot Channel
 Forward Sync Channel
 Forward Paging Channel
 Forward Traffic Channel (including power control sub-
channel)
Reverse channel
 Access Channel
 Reverse Traffic Channel
Pilot Channel
CDMA Air Interface
A pilot channel:
 Assist mobile station to be connected with CDMA network
 Handles multi-path searching
 Provide the phase reference for coherent demodulation and help the mobile
station estimate the transmission power
 The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel powers from
the base stations during the handoff
W064
Pilot channel
(all-zeros)
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly
BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously

Sync Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Code Repetitive W32 64
To QPSK coder
symbol code
Convolution symbol
Sync Ch bits symbol Block
encoder
repetition interleaving
1.2kbps r=1/2,K=9 2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps
 The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the
network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel.
 The synchronization message includes:
 Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN
 System time: SYS_TIME
 Long code state: LC_STATE
 Paging channel rate: P_RAT
 Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps
Paging Channel
CDMA Air Interface
To QPSK coder
Repetitive
Paging Code code
channel bits Convolution symbol Symbol symbol 19.2kbps
Block
encoder repetition interleaving
r=1/2,K=9
19.2/9.6Kbps 19.2kbps 19.2kbps
9.6/4.8 kbps W164
decimator
 The paging channel transmits:
 System parameters message
1.2288Mcps
 Access parameters
 Neighbors list Long
code PN
 CDMA channels list message
generator
 The paging channel accomplishes:
 Paging to MS
Paging channel address
 Assign traffic channel to MS mask
 The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms
 W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
Forward Traffic Channel
CDMA Air Interface
is used to transmit data and signaling information.
Forward traffic Convolution

channal Add frame Add 8 Symbol
quality indicator encoded tail encoder repetition
bits(12,10,8,6) bits 9.6kbps r=1/2,K=9 19.2ksybps
(172/80/40 8.6kbps
or 4.8kbps 9.6ksybps
4.0kbps
16bits/frame 2.0kbps 2.4kbps 4.8ksybps
) 0.8kbps 1.2kbps 2.4ksybps
19.2kbps I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Cos(2pfct)
Power control bits Baseband

+ filter +
19.2kbps I(t)
Block MUX
interleaver + QPSK Modulation ∑
Repetitive
symbol Walsh code
Baseband
Long code
+ filter + Q(t)
decimator decimator
generator
PN 1.2288 Mcps Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Sin(2pfct)
Reverse Access Channel
CDMA Air Interface
used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel
Repetitive
symbol
4.4 kbps Add 8 4.8 kbps Convolution 14.4 kbps 8.8 kbps
Symbol Block
Access encoder tail encoder
repetition interleaving
channel bits Code r=1/3,K=9
(80 symbol
bits/frame)
Repetitive I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)

symbol Cos(2pfct)
28.8 kbps
Frame rate Baseband I(t)
PN chips + filter +
Orthogonal spreading 1.2288 Mcps
4.8 kbps Data burst 1/2 PN chips Delayed
(307.2kbps) randomizer time=406.9ns
∑
QPSK Modulation
Walsh code Long code
PN Baseband
Long code mask + filter +
generator Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Sin(2pfct)

Reverse Traffic Channel
CDMA Air Interface
used to transmit data and signaling information

Reverse traffic convolution
channel Add frame Add 8 Symbol
quality indicator encoded tail encoder repetition
bits(12,10,8,6) bits 9.6kbps r=1/3,K=9 28.8Ksybps
(172/80/40 or 8.6kbps
16 4.0kbps 4.8kbps 14.4Ksybps
bits/frame) 2.0kbps 2.4kbps 7.2Ksybps
0.8kbps 1.2kbps 3.6Ksybps
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Cos(2pfct)
Frame rate Baseband I(t)

Orthogonal spreading PN chips + filter +
4.8 kbps 1.2288 Mcps
(307.2kbps) Data burst 1/2 PN chips Delayed
Block randomizer time=406.9ns
interleaver ∑
QPSK Modulation
Walsh code Long code
PN Baseband
Long code mask + filter +
generator Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Sin(2pfct)

Initialization of the MS
CDMA Air Interface
 Synchronous Channel message contains the LC_STATE,

SYS_TIME, P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.
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BTS
CDMA2000 Forward Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Forward CDMA2000 channel
F-CACH F-CPCCH F-PICH F-CCCH F-SYNCH F-TCH F-BCH F-PCH F-QPCH
F-PICH F-TDPICH F-APICH F-ATDPICH
F-PC F-SCCH F-SCH

F-DCCH F-FCH
subchannel (RC1~2) (RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in
Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PC,
F-SCCH, F-PCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss
F-SCH, F-QPCH F-DCCH in the following slides.
Forward channel
CDMA Air Interface
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)
Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC) These channels are compatible
Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH) with IS-95 system
Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH)
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH) These channels are newly
Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH) defined in CDMA2000 system.
Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)
Dedicated physical channel:
Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)
Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)
These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a
specific mobile station.
The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of
channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.
F-QPCH
CDMA Air Interface
 It
transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by
MS simply and rapidly.
 The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is

divided into paging indicators, configuration change indicators
and broadcast indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the
MS whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or
system parameters in the next F-PCH.
 Rapid and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH

for long time, so the standby time is prolonged.
F-SCH
CDMA Air Interface
 F-SCH is typically used for high speed data

applications, while F-FCH is used for common
voice and low speed data application.
 When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will

be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for
user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated.
F-DCCH
CDMA Air Interface
 It is used for the transmission of specific user signaling

information during a call.
 Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.
 Support 5ms frame.
 Support discontinuous transmission.
Forward Radio Configuration (RC)
CDMA Air Interface
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC Encoding Modulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/2 No Conv. BPSK
2** 1 14.4 3/4 No Conv BPSK
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
8 3 460.8 1/4 or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
9 3 1036.8 1/2or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
Radio Configuration(RC):
A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission
formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates,
modulation characteristics, and spreading rate.
Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.

** Same as IS95
Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse CDMA2000 channel
R-TCH R-EACH R-TCH

R-ACH operation R-CCCH operation
operation operation
(RC1~2) (RC3~6)
R-FCH R-PICH R-PICH R-PICH
0~7 0~1
R-EACH R-CCCH
R-SCCH R-DCCH
0~1
R-FCH
0~2
Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei R-SCH
equipment. The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH R-PC

subchannel
are the same as those in IS95. We will only discuss
R-PICH,R-SCH in the following slides.
Types of Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse channel includes reverse common channel
and reverse dedicated channel.
 Reverse common channel:
 Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)
 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)
 Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
 Reverse Dedicated Channel
 Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)
 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)
 Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)
 Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)
 Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)
R-PICH
CDMA Air Interface
Pilot( all '0's)

Reverse Pilot Channel
MUX A
Power Control Bit
 The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel

 Initialization
Power
 Tracing Pilot
Control
 Reverse Coherent Demodulation 384 NPN Chips

 Power Control Measurement
Power Control Group
 Base = 1536 NPN Chips
station enhances the received
performance and increases the capacity N is the Spreading Rate number
by means of coherent demodulation of
the Reverse Pilot Channel.
Reverse Channels
CDMA Air Interface
Fundamental Channel:
 Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user
information to the base station during a call, and can be used to
transmit defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic
Channel.
Dedicated Control Channel
 The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of user
and signaling information to a base station during a call.
Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel
 These channels are used for the transmission of user information,
mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel
contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven
supplemental code channels.
Reverse Radio Configuration (RC)
CDMA Air Interface
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC Encoding Modulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allow ed
1** 1 9.6 1/3 No Conv 64-ary ortho
2** 1 14.4 1/2 No Conv 64-ary ortho
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(307.2) (1/2)
4 1 230.4 3.8 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(614.4) (1/3)
(1036.8) (1/2)
 RC: Radio Configuration

 RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B
 RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X
 RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x
** Same as IS95
RC Combination Regulation
CDMA Air Interface
 RC1 and RC2 corresponds F-FCH RCs R-FCH RCs
respectively to rate set 1 and rate set

RC 1 RC 1
2 in IS- 95A/B system.
RC 2 RC 2
RC 3
 CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5 RC 3
RC 4
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4
RC 5 RC 4
 Rules: F-DCCH/SCHRCs R-DCCH/SCHRCs
 Forward RC1, Reverse RC1 RC 3

RC 3
 Forward RC2, Reverse RC2 RC 4
 Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3
RC 5 RC 4
 Forward RC5, Reverse RC4
Course Organization
Definition of Coverage Areas
CDMA Number Planning
Service area
Cell area
Sector
area
Parameters Involved
In a CDMA system, the following parameters are

defined to identify a user and his location:
 MIN/IMSI
 Subscriber Number Definition
 ESN
 SID/NID
 LAI
 GCI
MIN/IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example: 460030755xxxxxxx
Subscriber Number Definition
Need to define the same number series in BSC,

which is already defined in the LE.
The call is set up by the L3 (V5) address

messages
ESN
A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single

MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:
31......24 23......18 17......0 bit

Manufacturer’s number retained equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)
The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
SID/NID
System Identity (SID) comprise on 15 bits. Each

network has unique system ID.
Network Identity (NID) comprise on 16 bits with 0 and

65535 are reserved.
Location Area Identity (LAI)
PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of which

depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc.
Format: MCC+MNC+LAC
 MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.
 MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of
Unicom is 03.
 LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code.
0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
For example, 460030100
Global Cell Identity (GCI)
 The unique ID of a cell in PLMN

 Format: LAI+CI
 CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code,
pre defined by the engineering department. The first 3
digits and the last digit represent the base station
number and the sector number respectively. For an
omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
 For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number
123 contains an omni-directional site
Why CDMA2000?
Increase the system capacity

 Forward quick power control
 Forward transmit diversity: OTD,STS
 Coherent modulation applied on the pilot channel.(about
3dB)
 The introduction to Turbo code
 The stronger ability to resist interference
The improved error-correcting encoding

(applying Turbo code in medium/high rate
data transmission)
Why CDMA2000?
Support high rate SCH, with the maximum rate of

a single channel being up to 307.2kbps.
 Improve the standby time
 Use the quick paging channel
Forward compatibility
 Radio-frequency part
 Baseband part, such as RC
Summary
Brief Development History of Mobile
Communication
 Analog--digital--code division
 Objectives of 3G and comparison of 3 systems
Technical features of CDMA
 Key technologies: power control, soft handoff,RAKE receiver
and cell breath
 Other technologies: source coding, channel coding,
interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation
 Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and
service
Technical features of CDMA2000 1X
 Walsh and Turbo codes

ORI000003 CDMA2000 Principle (WLL) ISSUE2.0

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ORI000003 CDMA2000

After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

 the development of mobile communication system

source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling,

spreading and modulation etc.

 Long code, short code and Walsh code

Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4: CDMA Number Planning

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

CDMA Traffic channels: different

WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

Receiver type RAKE RAKE RAKE

Close loop power

Handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff

Transmission TSTD, STTD

IS95A IS95A  Heavier voice

 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

 Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

Block CDMA ChannelCDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330

B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320

A’(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820

B’(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310

The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

N: CDMA Channel Number

 Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750

D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750

B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750

E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750

F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750

C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750

The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

N: CDMA Channel Number

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A Valid 146-275 453.625456.850 463.625-466.850

B Valid 106-235 452.625-455.850 462.625-465.850

C Valid 26-168 450.625-454.175 460.625-464.175

D Valid 564-681 412.300-415.225 422.300-425.225

E Valid 717-846 416.125-419.350 426.125-429.350

H Valid 1070-1229 451.930-455.110 461.930-465.110

The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

N: CDMA Channel Number

Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4: CDMA Number Planning

Correlation 100% so the

 Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary

information pulse interference White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

 Bit, Symbol, Chip:

Support voice activity

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Input Output (symbols)

Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

The direction of the data stream

 Two points are important here:

 The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits

 The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips

 Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips