Free-Body Diagrams

Force Symbol/Formula Description

Weight F
w
= mg Always directed downward
Tension Force T Pulling forces directed away from
the body
Normal Force F
n
Force exerted perpendicularly
outward by a flat surface on an
object pressed against it
Frictional Force F
f
= m F
n
Force which acts opposite the
motion or an impending motion and
parallel to the surface of contact
Angle of Repose
the (minimum) angle a plane makes with the
horizontal at which a body on the plane will
begin to slide down
depends on the roughness of the surfaces
the rougher the surfaces, the greater the
angle of repose
q = tan
-1
m
A crate weighing 562 N rests on an inclined
plane 30
o
above the ground. Find the
components of the force parallel and
perpendicular to the plane.
Chris is going down a water slide sloped at 37
o
.
If he weighs 62kg, how fast is Chris going 5.0s
after starting from rest? m
k
= 0.15
Things to remember
Finding the Resultant Force
draw a free body diagram
use the length of the arrow to indicate the
vector's magnitude and the direction of the arrow
to show its direction
simply find the sum of the vectors
a negative answer means that the force acts in the
opposite direction to the one that you chose to be
positive
0 net force = balanced forces = 0 acceleration

Equilibrium
An object in equilibrium has both the sum of the
forces acting on it and the sum of the moments of
the forces equal to zero.
If a resultant force acts on an object then that
object can be brought into equilibrium by applying
an additional force that exactly balances this
resultant.
Equilibrant
The equilibrant of any number of forces is the
single force required to produce equilibrium, and
is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to
the resultant force.


Friction forces
When the object is not moving
static friction: F
f

s
F
N

When the object is moving
kinetic friction: F
f
=
k
F
N



Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force
directed along the line connecting the two. This force is
proportional to the product of the masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The magnitude of the attractive gravitational force
between the two point masses, F is given by:
F = Gm
1
m
2
r
2
where: G is the gravitational constant, m
1
is the mass
of the first point mass, m
2
is the mass of the second
point mass and r is the distance between the two
point masses.

For example, consider a man of mass 80 kg standing 10
m from a woman with a mass of 65 kg. The attractive
gravitational force between them would be:
F = Gm
1
m
2
r
2
= (6.6710
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
)(80kg)(65kg)
(10m)
2
= 3.47 10
9
N


G = 6.67 x 10
-11
N m
2
/kg
2
If the man and woman are 1 m apart, then the force
is:
F = Gm
1
m
2
r
2
= (6,6710
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
)(80kg)(65kg)
(1m)
2
= 3.4710
7
N


Gravitational force between the Earth
and the Moon
The mass of the Earth is 5.9810
24
kg, the mass of
the Moon is 7.3510
22
kg and the Earth and Moon
are 3.810
8
m apart. The gravitational force
between the Earth and Moon is:
F = Gm
1
m
2
r
2
= (6.6710
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
)(5.9810
24
kg)(7.3510
22
kg)
(0.3810
9
m)
2
= 2.0310
20
N
Comparative problems involve calculation of
something in terms of something else that we
know. For example, if you weigh 490 N on
Earth and the gravitational acceleration on
Venus is 0.903 that of the gravitational
acceleration on the Earth, then you would
weigh 0.903 x 490 N = 442.5 N on Venus.
Principles for answering comparative problems

Write out equations and calculate all
quantities for the given situation
Write out all relationships between variable
from first and second case
Write out second case
Substitute all first case variables into second
case
Write second case in terms of first case

A man has a mass of 70 kg. The planet Zirgon is
the same size as the Earth but has twice the
mass of the Earth. What would the man weigh
on Zirgon, if the gravitational acceleration on
Earth is 9.8 m/s
2
?

the mass of the man, m
the mass of the planet Zirgon (m
Z
) in terms of
the mass of the Earth (m
E
), m
Z
=2m
E
the radius of the planet Zirgon (r
Z
) in terms of
the radius of the Earth (r
E
), r
Z
=r
E


Situation on Earth
w
E
= mg
E
= G m
E
m
r
E
2
= (70kg)(9.8m/s
2
)
= 686 N



Situation on Zirgon in terms of situation on Earth
w
Z
= mg
Z
= Gm
Z
m
r
Z
2
= G 2m
E
m
r
E
2
= 2 Gm
E
m
r
E
2
= 2 w
E


= 2 (686N) = 1372N

Exercise

Two objects of mass 2m and 3m respectively
exert a force F on each other when they are a
certain distance apart. What will be the force
between two objects situated the same distance
apart but having a mass of 5m and 6m
respectively?
A: 0.2 F
B: 1.2 F
C: 2.2 F
D: 5 F


As the distance of an object above the surface
of the Earth is greatly increased, the weight of
the object would
A: increase
B: decrease
C: increase and then suddenly decrease
D: remain the same
A satellite circles around the Earth at a height
where the gravitational force is 4 times less than
at the surface of the Earth. If the Earth's radius is
R, then the height of the satellite above the
surface is:
A: R
B: 2 R
C: 4 R
D: 16 R
A satellite experiences a force F when at the
surface of the Earth. What will be the force on
the satellite if it orbits at a height equal to the
diameter of the Earth:
A: 1F
B: 12F
C: 13F
D: 19F


The weight of a rock lying on surface of the Moon
is W. The radius of the Moon is R. On planet
Alpha, the same rock has weight 8W. If the radius
of planet Alpha is half that of the Moon, and the
mass of the Moon is M, then the mass, in kg, of
planet Alpha is:
A: M2
B: M4
C: 2 M
D: 4 M

Impulse and Momentum
Momentum the product of a moving bodys
mass and its velocity
the tendency of an object to
continue to move in its direction of travel
p= mv
F= ma
F= m(v
f
-v
i
)
t
Ft=mv
f
-mv
i

impulse-momentum eq.
Ft = impulse

The change in momentum is equal to the
impulse acting.
Ft = m(v
f
v
i
)
The change in momentum divided by time is
equal to the force acting.
F= m(v
f
-v
i
)
t

A 1.0kg ball is kicked from rest, giving it a
velocity of 12.0 m/s.
1. Find the impulse
2. If the ball and foot were in contact for 0.22s,
what was the average force exerted by the
foot?
Calculating the Total Momentum of a System
Two billiard balls roll towards each other. They
each have a mass of 0.3 kg. Ball 1 is moving
at v
1
=1m/s to the right, while ball 2 is moving
at v
2
=0.8m/s to the left. Calculate the total
momentum of the system.

p
total
= p
1
+ p
2

= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
= 0.06 kg m/s to the right
Change in Momentum
Consider a tennis ball (mass = 0.1 kg) that is
dropped at an initial velocity of 5 m/s and
bounces back at a final velocity of 3 m/s.

p
i
= m v
i
p
f
= m v
f
Dp = p
f
p
i
Dp = 0.8 kg m/s upwards
Impulse and Change in momentum
A 150 N resultant force acts on a 300 kg trailer.
Calculate how long it takes this force to change
the trailer's velocity from 2 m/s to 6 m/s in the
same direction. Assume that the forces act to
the right.

F
net
Dt = m (v
f
v
i
)
Dt = 8 sec
Conservation of Momentum
The total linear momentum of an isolated
system is constant. An isolated system has no
forces acting on it from the outside.




p
i
=p
f
m
1
v
i1
+m
2
v
i2
=m
1
v
f1
+m
2
v
f2
A toy car of mass 2 kg moves westwards with a speed of 2 m/s.
It collides head-on with a toy train. The train has a mass of 1.5
kg and is moving at a speed of 1.5 m/s eastwards. If the car
rebounds at 2.05 m/s, calculate the velocity of the train.








v
f1
= 3.9 m/s westwards


2 kg
Initial momentum
Before collision
Final momentum
After collision
Change in momentum
(final minus initial)
2.0 kg toy car (2.0 kg) (-2 m/s) =
-4.0 kg m/s
(2 .0 kg) (2.05 m/s) =
4.1 kg m/s
4.1 -4.0 = 8.1 kg m/s
1.5 kg toy train (1.5 kg) (1.5 m/s) =
2.25 kg m/s
(1.5 kg) (-3.9 m/s) =
-5.85 kg m/s
-5.85 2.25 = -8.1 kg m/s
Combined -1.75 kg m/s -1.75 kg m/s
Related concepts
Transportation safety
Seatbelts
Airbags
Crumple zones
Padding as protection
Follow through in sports
Recoil


Ohms Law
V = IR
V voltage, I current, R resistance
R = V/I
1 ohm = 1 volt/1 ampere


Series circuit




R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
I
s
= I
R1
= I
R2
=
IR3
V
s
= V
R1
+ V
R2
+ V
R3

Parallel Circuit





V
s
= V
R1
= V
R2
= V
R3
I
s
= I
R1
+ I
R2
+I
R3
Power & Energy
P = IV = (V/R) V
P = V
2
/R
P power
1 watt = 1 ampere x 1 volt
E = P T
E electric energy , P power rating, T time
1 kilowatt hour = 1 kilowatt x 1 hour