IEEE 802.

3 ETHERNET
IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET
Ethernet
Ethernet

Most successful local area networking

technology of last 20 years.

Deelo!e" in the #i"$%&'0s (y researchers at

the )ero* +alo ,lto Research -enters .+,R-/.

0ses -1M,2-D technology

-arrier 1ense Multi!le ,ccess with -ollision Detection.
, set of no"es sen" an" receie fra#es oer a share"
link.
-arrier sense #eans that all no"es can "istinguish
(etween an i"le an" a (usy link.
-ollision "etection #eans that a no"e listens as it
trans#its an" can therefore "etect when a fra#e it is
trans#itting has colli"e" with a fra#e trans#itte" (y
another no"e.
Ethernet
Ethernet

,n Ethernet seg#ent is i#!le#ente" on a

coa*ial ca(le of u! to 300 #.
This ca(le is si#ilar to the ty!e use" for ca(le T4
e*ce!t that it ty!ically has an i#!e"ance of 30
oh#s instea" of ca(le T45s '3 oh#s.

Hosts connect to an Ethernet seg#ent (y

ta!!ing into it.

, transceier .a s#all "eice "irectly attache" to

the ta!/ "etects when the line is i"le an" "ries
signal when the host is trans#itting.

The transceier also receies inco#ing signal.

The transceier is connecte" to an Ethernet

a"a!tor which is !lugge" into the host.

The !rotocol is i#!le#ente" on the a"a!tor.

Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet transceier an" a"a!tor
Ethernet
Ethernet

Multi!le Ethernet seg#ents can (e 6oine"

together (y repeaters.

, repeater is a "eice that forwar"s "igital

signals.

No #ore than four re!eaters #ay (e

!ositione" (etween any !air of hosts.
,n Ethernet has a total reach of only 2300 #.
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet re!eater
Ethernet
Ethernet

,ny signal !lace" on the Ethernet (y a

host is (roa"cast oer the entire
network
1ignal is !ro!agate" in (oth "irections.
Re!eaters forwar" the signal on all outgoing
seg#ents.
Ter#inators attache" to the en" of each
seg#ent a(sor( the signal.

Ethernet uses Manchester enco"ing

sche#e.
Ethernet
Ethernet

New Technologies in Ethernet

Instea" of using coa* ca(le7 an Ethernet
can (e constructe" fro# a thinner ca(le
known as %08ase2 .the original was
%08ase3/

%0 #eans the network o!erates at %0 M(!s

8ase #eans the ca(le is use" in a (ase(an"

syste#

2 #eans that a gien seg#ent can (e no longer

than 200 #
Ethernet
Ethernet

New Technologies in Ethernet

,nother ca(le technology is %08aseT

T stan"s for twiste" !air

9i#ite" to %00 # in length

:ith %08aseT7 the co##on con;guration
is to hae seeral !oint to !oint seg#ents
co#ing out of a #ultiway re!eater7 calle"
Hub
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet Hub
IEEE 1tan"ar"s for 9,Ns
IEEE 1tan"ar"s for 9,Ns
%%
IEEE 802.3 M,- <ra#e
IEEE 802.3 M,- <ra#e
%2

Preamble. The first field of the 802.3 frame

contains 7 bytes (56 bits) of alternating Os
and Is that alerts the receiing system to the
coming frame and enables it to synchroni!e
its in"#t timing. The "attern "roides only an
alert and a timing "#lse.

The 56$bit "attern allo%s the stations to miss

some bits at the beginning of the frame. The
"reamble is act#ally added at the "hysical
layer and is not (formally) "art of the frame.

Start frame delimiter (SFD). The

second field (l byte& '0'0'0'') signals the
beginning of the frame. The ()* %arns
the station or stations that this is the last
chance for synchroni!ation. The last 2 bits
is '' and alerts the receier that the ne+t
field is the destination address.

Destination address (DA). The *, field

is 6 bytes and contains the "hysical
address of the destination station or
stations to receie the "ac-et.

Source address (SA). The (, field is

also 6 bytes and contains the "hysical
address of the sender of the "ac-et

Length or type. This field is defined as a

ty"e field or length field. The original
.thernet #sed this field as the ty"e field to
define the #""er$ layer "rotocol #sing the
/,0 frame. The I... standard #sed it as
the length field to define the n#mber of
bytes in the data field. 1oth #ses are
common today.

Data. This field carries data enca"s#lated

from the #""er$layer "rotocols. It is a
minim#m of 26 and a ma+im#m of '500
bytes

CRC. The last field contains error

detection information3 in this case a 040$
32
Ethernet ,""resses
Ethernet ,""resses

=8 (its .> (ytes/ in length

0ni?uely assigne" to each

Ethernet network interface car"
.NI-/

0sually written in he*a"eci#al

notation

E.g.7
%8
Addressing
Addressing

.ach station on an .thernet net%or- (s#ch

as a 503 %or-station3 or "rinter) has its
o%n net%or- interface card (6I0). The
6I0 fits inside the station and "roides
the station %ith a 6$byte "hysical address

The .thernet address is 6 bytes (28 bits)3

normally %ritten in he+adecimal notation3
%ith a colon bet%een the bytes.
0nicast s. Multicast
0nicast s. Multicast
,""resses
,""resses

, unicast a""ress "e;nes one

reci!ient

, #ulticast a""ress "e;nes a grou! of

reci!ients

The (roa"cast a""ress "e;nes a grou!

of all stations in the sa#e 9,N
, s!ecial case of #ulticast a""resses
,ll (its are %s
20
Eolution of Ethernet
Eolution of Ethernet
2%
Ethernet Eolution
Ethernet Eolution
1tan"ar"
Ethernet
.%0 M(!s/
1tan"ar"
Ethernet
.%0 M(!s/
<ast
Ethernet
.%00 M(!s/
<ast
Ethernet
.%00 M(!s/
@iga(it
Ethernet
@iga(it
Ethernet
Ten$@iga(it
Ethernet
Ten$@iga(it
Ethernet
%00$@iga(it
Ethernet
%00$@iga(it
Ethernet
Enco"ing in 1tan"ar"
Enco"ing in 1tan"ar"
Ethernet
Ethernet
22

/anchester encoding conerts bits to

digital signals
%08ase3 .Thicknet/
%08ase3 .Thicknet/
I#!le#entation
I#!le#entation
2=

The ;rst i#!le#entation is calle"

!"ase#, thick Ethernet, or
Thicknet.

!"ase# was the ;rst Ethernet

s!eci;cation to use a (us to!ology
with an e*ternal transceiver
(transmitter/receiver)
connected via a ta! to a thick
coa*ial ca(le

The transceier is res"onsible for

transmitting3 receiing3 and detecting
collisions.

The transceier is connected to the station

ia a transceier cable that "roides
se"arate "aths for sending and receiing.

This means that collision can only ha""en

in the coa+ial cable.

The ma+im#m length of the coa+ial cable

m#st not e+ceed 500 m, otherwise, there is
e+cessie degradation of the signal. If a
length of more than 500 m is needed, up
to fie segments3 each a ma+im#m of 500$
meter
28
%08ase2 I#!le#entation
%08ase2 I#!le#entation

The second im"lementation is called

lO1ase23 thin $thernet% or Cheapernet.
&'"ase( also #ses a b#s to"ology3 b#t the
cable is m#ch thinner and more fle+ible.
The cable can be bent to "ass ery close
to the stations

This im"lementation is more cost

effectie than '01ase5 beca#se thin
coa+ial cable is less e+"ensie than thic-
coa+ial and the tee connections are m#ch
chea"er than ta"s.

Installation is sim"ler beca#se the thin

coa+ial cable is ery fle+ible. 7o%eer3
the length of each segment cannot e+ceed
185 m (close to 200 m) due to the high
level of attenuation in thin coaxial cable.
3%
%08ase$T I#!le#entation
%08ase$T I#!le#entation
-,T3 -a(le

The third im"lementation is called

lO1ase$T or t%isted$"air .thernet.
'O1ase$T #ses a "hysical star to"ology.
The stations are connected to a h#b ia
t%o "airs of t%isted cable

6ote that t%o "airs of t%isted cable create

t%o "aths (one for sending and one for
receiing) bet%een the station and the
h#b. ,ny collision here ha""ens in the
h#b.

0om"ared to lO1ase5 or lO1ase23 %e

can see that the h#b act#ally re"laces the
coa+ial cable as far as a collision is
concerned.

The ma+im#m length of the t%isted cable

here is defined as '00 m3 to minimi!e the
effect of atten#ation in the t%isted cable.
3=
%08ase$< I#!le#entation
%08ase$< I#!le#entation

The most common is called '01ase$).

lO1ase$) #ses a star to"ology to connect
stations to a h#b. The stations are
connected to the h#b #sing t%o fiber$o"tic
cables
3>
1tan"ar" Ethernet
1tan"ar" Ethernet
1u##ary
1u##ary