Unit 9: Body Plan of Higher Organisms:

Vertebrates
Exercise 1:
The Frog, a Representative
Vertebrate
(Class Amphibia)

By:
Dr. Motasem Almasri
External Morphology:

The major body parts:
Head
Trunk
Limbs




It lacks a tail or a neck regions.
External Morphology:

Nostril (external nares) lead to nasal
chamber and can be closed by valves

Eye protrudes from head, returns in orbit
when closed & has nictitating membrane
for protection







N.B: internal nares are within the mouth

Tympanum (eardrum)
No outer ears









Hindlimbs- Folded together at rest
had five toes connected by a web
Forelimbs- short & support the anterior portion
4 digits & a rudiment of thumb
Large Mouth
Mouth Cavity
a. Esophagus opening
(transverse slit)

b. Vomerine teeth

3. Internal nares

5. Eustachian tube
opening

7. tongue

8. Glottis

The Integument (Skin)
Circulatory System
It consists of:
Heart.
Arteries.
Veins.
Capillaries.
Lymph space

The Heart
The Heart
pericardial membrane
The Heart

RAVC
Venous System
Arterial System
Lungs

Digestive system
Digestive system
Digestive system
ileum
Stomach
Digestive system
16.Small intestine
17.Liver
18.Large intestine
19.Stomach
The Urogenital system
It includes the urinary and reproductive
system.
Urinary System:


Female Reproductive System
Oviduct
Ovary with eggs
N.B: Ovaries vary greatly in size and appearance
at different seasons.
Not directly connected to oviduct


Female Reproductive System
Spleen
Fat bodies
Large intestine
Ovary with eggs
Oviduct
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
The Skeletal System
Skull
(opening)
The Skeletal System

Muscular System


Mylohyoid
Muscular System
9.Gastrocnemius
Achilles tendon
Views of frog brain
Cranial Nerves in Frog and Their
General Functions

Note:
Branchial nerve figure 9.15
Sciatic nerve figure 9.15