STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLASTS

AND
OVERVIEW OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
By:
Tori Larson
Jessica Warrior
Nurin Ludin
Nathan Sandidge
 Origins Of Chloroplast
 Endosymbiotic Theory
 Some organelles are membrane based
 Were once prokaryotes
 Brought into larger Eukaryotic cells by
endocytosis
 Chloroplast Membrane
 Have a double membrane structures
 Known as the chloroplast envelope.
 Outer membrane is permeable to various ions
and metabolites.
 Inner membrane contains transport proteins
 Where light absorption and ATP synthesis
occurs.
 Has a lot of proteins
 involved in the electron transport chain.
 Harvest solar energy
 excite electrons which then travel down the
electron transport chain.
 Contains its own DNA
 involved in the electron transport.

 Structure Of Chloroplast
 Where photosynthesis occurs.
 Double-membrane bound organelles
 Surrounded by extra membranes
 A.K.A. thylakoids.
 The disc-shaped thylakoids contain an
interior space.
 The thylakoids that are stacked up, which
forms grana
 The grana is floating in the stroma of the
chloroplasts.

Structure of Chloroplast
 Processes of Chloroplast
 Take  the carbon dioxide and water
through the roots of the plant and the
leaves.
 Traps the light
 Plants use the energy from light to
combine carbon dioxide and water to
make food for the cell.
 Mixture of the two makes glucose
 A simple sugar, which gives off oxygen.

Overview of Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis means putting together with
light.
 Balanced chemical equation:
 6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy  C6H12 O6 + 6O2
 2-Step Process
 1. Light Reactions
 A.K.A. known as the light-dependent reactions
 Converts light energy to chemical energy
 2. Calvin Cycle
 A.K.A. dark reactions
 Uses chemical energy to synthesize sugars.
 Eg: Glucose
Picture of Photosynthesis
 Light Absorbtion
 Form of energy known
as electromagnetic
energy
 Different wavelengths
ranging from less
than a nanometer to
more than a
kilometer
 Visible light ranges
from about 380 to
750 nm
 Photons are the basic
unit of light that
contains energy
 Substances that absorb
visible light are
called pigments
 Light Reactions
 Converts solar
energy to
potential energy
 Produces oxygen
gas and converts
ADP and NADP+
into energy
carriers ATP and
NADPH
 Occur in the
thylakoid
membrane

 Calvin Cycle
 A.K.A - Light independent reaction or Carbon
Fixation
 Takes place in stroma of the chloroplasts
 During photosynthesis, light energy
generates chemical free engery
 stored in the glucose.
 The calvin cycle uses the energy to convert
carbon dioxide and water into the organic
compounds that the organism uses. 
 The set of reactions is also known as carbon
dioxide.
 Sources
 www.inovio.com/glossary/
 http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/plants/chloro.htm
 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chloroplasts.html
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html#c1
 http://biologyofcells.blogspot.com/2007/12/chloroplast.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_membrane
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle
 http://
www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/chloroplast.html
 http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Endosymbiosis_theory.gif
 http://
www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/tca/tca.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_reaction
 http://warrensburg.k12.mo.us/ew/photosynth/heidi.html
 Images copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Photosynthesis guided reading
 Mr. Hyne’s Photosynthesis PowerPoint
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