INTRODUCTORY REMOTE

SENSING

BY

DR. P. K. GARG
Professor
CIVIL ENGG. DEPTT.
IIT ROORKEE
Introduction
Information is growing at a
phenomenal rate

Users expect more sophisticated
and accurate information

Introduction
One picture is worth more than ten
thousand words
Anonymous

Geospatial Technologies
Remote Sensing (RS)
Use of satellites to capture information about the
earths surface
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
A system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide
precise (100 meter to sub-cm.) location on the earths
surface (in lat/long coordinates or equiv.)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Comprises a capability for input, storage, manipulation
and output of geographic information
STEREO CAMERA
UTTARAKASHI LANDSLIDE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The word Photogrammetry is derived
from Greek words photos, gramma and
metron meaning light, that which is drawn
or written and to measure respectively. The
word Photogrammetry therefore, literally
means measuring from a photograph.
Remote Sensing: scales and platforms
Platform depends on application
What information do we want?
How much detail?
What type of detail?
upscale upscale upscale
Imaging Platforms
On the ground:
tripod, roof, handheld...
The detailed study of target,
e.g. determination of
characteristic reflectance curve
Measurements for comparison
with satellite data,
determination of atmospheric
influence
Image: Antenna of microwave
radiometer
Imaging Platforms
Field Spectroradiometer, wavelenght 350 - 2500 nm
Imaging Platforms...
Gas balloons:
Maximum height about 50 km
Stable
Not that controllable in xy-plane
Used mostly in atmospheric sounding
Imaging Platforms
Airplane / helicopter
when more accurate information is needed that
is possible using satellite instruments
covered area is larger that using ground-based
instruments
also for comparison data for satellite
measurements and substitution for satellite data

Imaging Platforms
Helicopter:
Low altitude and slow speed
Imaging of small areas, strips and details
Instrument development

Airplane:
Maximum flying height about 20 km
Pressurized cockpit needed if flying height over 3 km
Pros: it is easy to change flying height and speed, as well
as time of flight
Cons: movement of airplane due to changing wind
Recommended 2 motors and minimum speed 200 km/h
for mapping purposes
Aerial Camera
Airplane
AISA-spectrometer in the front

Airplane
Different kinds
of radiometer
antennas
and antenna
of radar
Airplane
Rockwell Turbo
Commander 690A of
National Land Survey
Aerial mapping camera Wild
RC-10 in use
Nowadays WILD/LEICA
RC 20 + FMC installed
Aerial Photography
3 D Study From Photographs
AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING
COLOR CODED BY
HEIGHT, SEOUL, KOREA
GRAY SCALE MAP
SEOUL, KOREA
29,000 hectare terrain mapping with 0.1-0.5m accuracy
was completed in 8 weeks
Remote Sensing is...
The science of obtaining information
about an object by acquiring data with a
device which is not in direct contact with
that object.
REMOTE SENSING
"Remote sensing is the science and art
of acquiring information about the
Earth's surface without actually being
in contact with it. This is done by
sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy and processing,
analyzing, and applying that
information".
Remote Sensing
Gives us the detailed information in the
form of Picture
Allows us to see things from the larger
perspective.
Allows us to see things we otherwise might
miss.
Which of our five senses are
remote?
Receiving station
processing
Archiving
Distribution
Sources of Remote Sensing Data
LANDSAT
SPOT
IRS (CARTOSAT)
Quickbird
IKONOS
Radarsat
MODIS
AVHRR
LIDAR
Digital/Analog
In visible light/photographic imaging, a
single sample is called a pixel.
Pixel = picture element

Analog Signals






Sound wave
Varying voltage
Kinetic energy
Electrical energy
Digital Signals






Sound wave
Sampling
(Kinetic energy)
Digital information
1001 1000 1001
1101 1100 1111
0001 0110 1001
0101 0101 1111
1110 010
Reconstructed wave
Digital/Analog
The more samples you take, the more
information you have to work with.

More information = greater resolution.
What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
dimensional image as a finite set of digital
values, called picture elements or pixels
What is a Digital Image?
Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
colours, heights, opacities etc
Digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene
1 pixel
What is a Digital Image?
Common image formats include:
1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
Pixels
Each pixel represents one value or
measurement (color, brightness, etc.)
Pixel:
Each pixel is a digital
sample of the image.
Pixel size determines resolution
88 Giant Pixels 82,000 Tiny Pixels
How much resolution you
need depends upon how
much detail you need.
More resolution means
more information: more
data to look at, but also
more to store.
File size: 99.3 kb
File size: 4.1 kb
Digital Image Representation
History of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of
digital imaging was in the news-
paper industry
The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service
Images were transferred by submarine cable
between London and New York
Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph
printer

Early digital image
History of DIP
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the
Bartlane system resulted in higher quality images
New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
Increased number
of tones in
reproduced images
Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
image
History of DIP
1960s: Improvements in computing technology
and the onset of the space race led to a surge of
work in digital image processing
1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
INFORMATION GATHERED
FROM REMOTE SENSING
Buildings
Roads/ Railway Lines
Agriculture Fields
Water
Landuse
Forest etc.

Remote sensing application
Land-use mapping
Forest and agriculture applications
Telecommunication planning
Environmental applications
Hydrology and coastal mapping
Urban planning
Infrastructural Planning
Emergencies and Hazards
Global change and Meteorology
Land Cover Map
MODIS data
from Nov 00
Oct 01
INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE
SATELLITE IMAGE OF INDIA
LOCATING ADAMS BRIDGE BETWEEN
DHANUSHKODI (INDIA) AND TALAIMANNAR (SRI LANKA)


JAIPUR, INDIA
Sensor : IRS1D LISS III
Jaipur is one of the few planned cities of
India and it is famous for its traditional
architecture and town planning aspects.
Jaipur is popularly known as Pink city.
Major recreational places like stadium,
big parks,central play grounds can be
identified by their definite shape and
pattern. River beds are identified with
continuous linear pattern. Wastelands
are in whitish colour associated with
dry channels. Urban extension is seen
in pink colour with light brown
patches. Hills with vegetation appear
in red colour and undulation are seen
with irregular pattern.

Sensor : IRS1D LISS III
This image shows part of a
well planned city of
Chandigarh. The city has a
unique distinction of being
the capital of two states
Punjab & Haryana. The red
portion of the image
indicates vegetation.




CHANDIGARH, INDIA
Image Classification
Classification Result
LAND USE/ LAND COVER MAP

Figure 5.3
7820'0"E
7820'0"E
7825'0"E
7825'0"E
7830'0"E
7830'0"E
7835'0"E
7835'0"E
3
0

5
'
0
"
N
3
0

5
'
0
"
N
3
0

1
0
'
0
"
N
3
0

1
0
'
0
"
N
3
0

1
5
'
0
"
N
2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 1.25
Kilometers
Scale
Location Map
Legend
Agriculture
Fallow Land
Dense Forest
Open Forest
Degraded Forest
River
River bed
Scrubs
Landslide areas
Settlement
First Image from IRS Resources SAT -1
Manasarowar
Lake



LISS III Resolution 23.5 m (Part of Ranchi City)
Indian Remote Sensing Image (LISS-4) Mumbai City
False Colour Natural Colour
PAN Resolution 5.88m (Part of Nellore City)
IRS IC Image Rajpath NEW DELHI, INDIA
ORBVIEW 4M IMAGE OF CASTROVILLE, CALIFORNIA

Remote Sensing ~ Land Use Land Cover
IKONOS IMAGE 5 m OF DEHRADUN
IKONOS (Multispectral) Resolution 4 m (part of Abudhabi City)
IKONOS 1M Resolution : PATNA (Raj Bhawan)
1, 3, and 10 meters
Technological Experimental Satellite - 1 meter
Overview of Baghdad
March 27, 2003
Burning Oil Trench
Northeast Baghdad
March 27, 2003
WTC ON JUNE 30, 2000
WTC ON SEPTEMBER 15, 2001
PENTAGON ON DECEMBER 28, 2000
PENTAGON ON SEPTEMBER 12, 2001
IKONOS, 1.0m (Singapore)
QuickBird, 60 cm
ALLAHABAD
JAN 23, 2001
Digital Elevation Model derived from Satellite data

Image Processing Steps
Image representation
Image enhancement
Image restoration
Image reconstruction
Image compression
Image analysis
Image Enhancement