Inverters: Converting DC To AC

Chapter 7
Inverters
Converting DC to AC
2014/8/6
Transformer

2014/8/6
The Ideal Transformer
2
1
2
1
N
N
v
v
=
2
1
N
N
a =
a
v
v
1
2
=
a i
i 1
2
1
=

(7.1)

(7.2)

(7.3)

(7.4)
2014/8/6
The Ideal Transformer
2
2
2
i
v
Z =
1
1
1
i
v
Z =
2
2
2
1
i
v
a Z =
2
2
1
Z a Z =

(7.5)

(7.6)

(7.7)

(7.8)
2014/8/6

2014/8/6
Example 7.2
2014/8/6
close all, clear all, clc
Vs = 480;
a1 = 1/10;
a2 = 10;
ZL = 25 + j*8;
Zr2 = a2^2 * ZL;
ZT = 1 + j*0.7;
Ze2 = ZT + Zr2;
Zr1 = a1^2 * Ze2;
Zs = 0.2 + j*0.3;
Ze1 = Zs + Zr1;
Is = Vs/abs(Ze1);
IT = a1*Is;
IL = a2*IT;
P = IL^2 * real(ZL)
2014/8/6
Physical Transformer Model

2014/8/6
Figure 7.8 Full-bridge
inverter circuit
The Square-Wave Inverter
b
V
SW1
SW4
SW2
SW3
L
V
+
_

< <
< <
=
t u t
t u
2 ,
0 ,
b
b
L
V
V
V
2014/8/6
0

b
V
b
V
SW1, SW3 closed
SW2, SW4 open
SW1, SW3 open
SW2, SW4 closed
2
Figure 7.9 Load voltage of the H-bridge inverter
2014/8/6

(7.10)
< <
< <
=
2 ,
0 ,
b
b
t
R
V
t
R
V
i
L
R
V
P
2
b
=

(7.11)
2014/8/6
Square-Wave Inverter with Inductive Load
b
V
SW1
SW4
SW2
SW3
L
V
+
_
D1 D2
D3 D4
Figure 7.10 Inverter circuit with protective diodes
2014/8/6
Square-Wave Inverter with Inductive
Load
iR
d
di
L V
b
+ =
u
e
qR
V
q
i
d
di
b
= +
u
( ) t u u
u
s s + =

0 ,
/
1 1
R
V
e A i
b
q
( ) t u t u
t u
2 ,
/ ) (
2 2
s s =

R
V
e A i
b
q

(7.12)

(7.13)

(7.14)

(7.15)
2014/8/6
Load
) 2 ( ) 0 (
2 1
t i i =
) ( ) (
2 1
t t i i =
R
V
e A
R
V
A
b
q
b
= +
/
2 1
t
R
V
A
R
V
e A
b b
q
= +
2
/
1
t

(7.16)

(7.17)

(7.18)

(7.19)
2014/8/6
Load
q
q
b
e
e
R
V
A
/ 2
/
1
1
1 2
t
t
=
q
q
b
e
e
R
V
A
/ 2
/
2
1
1 2
t
t
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
tanh
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
x
e
e
x
x
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
q R
V
A
b
2
tanh 1
1
t

(7.20)

(7.21)

(7.22)

(7.23)
2014/8/6
Load
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
q R
V
A
b
2
tanh 1
2
t
q
e
q R
V
R
V
i
u
u

(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
tanh 1 ) (
b b
1
0 s su
( )
R
V
e
q R
V
t i
q
b
b
2
2
tanh 1 ) (
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
u
2 s su

(7.24)

(7.25)

(7.26)
2014/8/6
Square-Wave Inverter with
Inductive Load
Figure 7.11 Instantaneous load current of the square-wave inverter
2014/8/6
Average Load Power
u
t
t
u
d e
q R
V
I
q
}

)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

0
/
b
b
2
tanh 1 1
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
q
q
R
V
I
2
tanh
2
1
b
b
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
q
q
R
V
P
2
tanh
2
1
2
b
b

(7.27)

(7.28)

(7.29)
2014/8/6
Efficiency
on L
R R R 2 + =
( )
on L L b
R R I R 2
2
+ =
on L
L
R R
R
2 +
= q

(7.33)

(7.34)

(7.35)
2014/8/6
Efficiency
on L xtr
R I P
2
2
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
q
q
R
V
I
b
D
2
tanh
2
1
t

(7.36)

(7.37)
2014/8/6
Dead-Time Switching
b
V
b
V
SW1, SW3 closed
SW2, SW4 open SW1, SW3 open
SW2, SW4 closed
0
2
SW1, SW2 closed
SW3, SW4 open
SW3, SW4 closed
SW1, SW2 open
o
o
o
o - 2
o +
Figure 7.13 Load voltage with blanking time
2014/8/6
Load Voltage Harmonics
( ) u u
o t
o
d n V b
n
}
= sin
2
b
( ) o n
n
V
b
n
cos
4
b
=
o cos
4
b
1
V
b =
n 2
= o

(7.38)

(7.40)

(7.39)

(7.41)
2014/8/6
Simulating Inverters in MATLAB
) (u
u
u
qR
V
q
i
d
di
b
= +
=
1
0
1
0
) (u u
o t u o t
o t u o t
o t u o
o u o
< < +
+ < <
< <
< <
2
) (t u
L
V
i
L
R
dt
di
b
= +

(7.43)

(7.42)

(7.44)
2014/8/6
) (t
t
u
Lf
V
i
Lf
R
d
di
b
= +
t
o
o
2
=

Simulating Inverters in MATLAB

(7.46)

(7.45)

(7.47)
2014/8/6
Simulation of the Square-Wave
Inverter with Dead-Time
Figure 7.14 Load voltage and current of the inverter in Example 7.6
2014/8/6
Inverter with Step-Up Transformer
b
V
SW1
SW4
SW2
SW3
o
v
+
_
a : 1
Figure 7.15 Inverter with step-up transformer
2014/8/6
Inverter with Physical Transformer
Model
SW1
SW4
a : 1
1
R
1
L
m
R
m
L
2
R
2
L
o
v
+
_
SW2
SW3
b
V
o
Z
1
v
+
_
2
v
+
_
1
i
b
i
2
i
m
i
Figure 7.16 Full-bridge inverter with physical transformer
2014/8/6
Inverters with Transformers
dt
di
L
dt
di
L R i V t u
m
m
b
b b
+ + =
1 1
) (
1
i i
dt
di
R
L
i
m
m
m
m
b
+ + =
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L
m
m
1
1
' ' + =

(7.49)

(7.48)

(7.50)
2014/8/6
2
0 2
'
a
R R
R
+
=
2
0 2
'
a
L L
L
+
=
) (
1 1 1
1
t u
L
V
dt
di
L
L
i
L
R
dt
di
b m m
b
b
+ =

(7.52)

(7.51)

(7.53)
2014/8/6

(7.55)

(7.54)

(7.57)
) (
1
i i i
L
R
dt
di
m b
m
m m
=
1
1
'
'
'
i
L
R
dt
di
L
L
dt
di
m m
=
) (
1
1
1 1 1
1
t u
L
V
i
L
R
i
L
R
i
L
R R
dt
di
b m
m
m
b
m b
+ + +
+
=
1
1
'
'
' '
i
L
R R
i
L
R
i
L
R
dt
di
m
m
m
b
m
+
=

(7.56)
2014/8/6
) (
0
0
1
b
1
m
b
m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
m
1
m
1
m 1
1
m
b
t
t
u
L
V
i
i
i
f L
R R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R R
i
i
i
d
d
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
+
'
'
'

+
=
(
(
(
State Space Model of the Inverter

and Physical Transformer

(7.58)
2014/8/6
Normalized State Space Model of the
Inverter and Physical Transformer
) (
0
0
1
b
1
m
b
m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
m
1
m
1
m 1
1
m
b
t
t
u
L
V
i
i
i
f L
R R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R R
i
i
i
d
d
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
+
'
'
'

+
=
(
(
(

(7.59)
2014/8/6
Simulation of the Inverter/Transformer
Figure 7.18 Simulation results of the inverter/transformer circuit
2014/8/6
Filtering the Output
C a j
Z
C
2
1
'
e
=
C a C
2
' =
o
o
i
dt
dv
C i '
'
'
1
+ =

(7.60)

(7.62)

(7.61)
2014/8/6
dt
di
L R i v
o
o o o o
'
' ' ' ' + =
o
o
i
C
i
C dt
dv
'
'
1
'
1 '
1
=
o
o
o
o
o o
v
L
i
L
R
dt
di
'
'
1
'
' '
=

(7.63)

(7.65)

(7.64)
2014/8/6

(7.66)
) (
0
0
0
0
0
1 1
0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
b
o
o
1
m
b
o o
o
m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
m
1
m
1
m 1
o
o
1
m
b
t
t
u
L
V
v
i
i
i
i
C C
L L
R
L
R R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R R
v
i
i
i
i
d
d
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
+
'
'
'

+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
2014/8/6
Inverter/Transformer Model with Load
Capacitance
) (
0
0
0
0
0
1 1
0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
b
o
o
1
m
b
o o
o
m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
m
1
m
1
m 1
o
o
1
m
b
t
t
u
f L
V
v
i
i
i
i
f C f C
f L f L
R
f L
R R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R R
v
i
i
i
i
d
d
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
+
'
'
'

+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'

(7.67)
2014/8/6
Simulation of the Inverter with
Load Capacitance
Figure 7.21 Simulation results of Example 7.9
2014/8/6
Practical Inverter Filter
1
1
2 1 2
' ' ' v
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L
m
m
+ + =
3
1
1 1
'
'
' i
dt
dv
C i + =
o
v
dt
di
L v '
'
' '
3
3 1
+ =

(7.70)

(7.69)

(7.68)
2014/8/6
o
o
i
dt
dv
C i '
'
' '
2 3
+ =
o o
o
o o
R i
dt
di
L v ' '
'
' ' + =
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
1
'
'
1
'
'
' '
v
L
i
L
R R
i
L
R
i
L
R
dt
di
m
m
m
b
m
+
=

(7.72)

(7.71)

(7.73)
2014/8/6

(7.75)

(7.74)

(7.77)
) ' (
'
1 '
3 1
1
1
i i
C dt
dv
=
) ' ' (
'
1 '
1
3
3
o
v v
L dt
di
=
) ' ' (
'
1 '
3
2
o
o
i i
C dt
dv
=
o
o
o
o
o
o
i
L
R
v
L dt
di
'
'
'
'
'
1 '
=

(7.76)
2014/8/6
Inverter Model with t-Filter
) (
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
0
1
0 0 0 0
0
1
0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1
b
o
o
3
1
1
m
b
o
o
o
2 2
3 3
1 1
2 2
2 m
2
m
2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
m
1
m
1
m 1
o
o
3
1
1
m
b
t u
f L
V
i
v
i
v
i
i
i
f L
R
f L
f C f C
f L f L
f C f C
f L f L
R R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R R
i
v
i
v
i
i
i
dt
d
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
' +
'
'

+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'

(7.78)
2014/8/6
) (
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0
1
0
1
0 0 0 0
0
1
0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1
b
o
o
3
1
1
m
b
o
o
o
2 2
3 3
1 1
2 2
2 m
2
m
2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
1
m
1
m
1
m 1
o
o
3
1
1
m
b
t u
f L
V
i
v
i
v
i
i
i
f L
R
f L
f C f C
f L f L
f C f C
f L f L
R R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R
f L
R R
i
v
i
v
i
i
i
dt
d
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
' +
'
'

+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
'
'
Normalized Inverter Model with t-
Filter
2014/8/6
Simulation of Inverter with t-Filter
Figure 7.23 Results of Example 7.10 simulation
2014/8/6
The PWM Inverter
Figure 7.24 Bipolar switching scheme of the PWM Inverter
2014/8/6
Simulation of the PWM Inverter
Figure 7.25 Results of the PWM Inverter simulation

Inverters: Converting DC To AC

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Inverters: Converting DC To AC

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Chapter 7

State Space Model of the Inverter

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