1

Introduction to
Technical Loss of Power
System
The Third Country Training Course

Technology Improvement
for Transmission and Distribution in Iraq

November 2008
2
Major Factors of Power Loss
Power Plant
Losses of
Transformer
Consumers (Domestic,Industrial,Commercial etc.)

Losses of
Transmission
Line

Losses of Distribution Line




Substation
3
Transmission/Distribution Losses and Total Losses
A
B
Consumer
Substation
Distribution pole
500 kV
187 kV
66 kV 6.6 kV
100 V or 200 V
Transmission loss
Distribution loss
A
Electric
power
consumption
in P/S
Electric
power
consumption
in S/S
PS SS SS SS B
Transformer
loss (1)
Transmission
loss (1)
Transformer
loss (2)
Transmission
loss (2)
Transformer
loss (3)
Transmission
loss (3)
Distribution loss
(1)
Transformer
loss (4)
Distribution loss
(2)
Transformer
loss (5)
Watthour meter
Power station
Substation
Electric power
consumption in S/S
Electric power
consumption in P/S
Transmission
loss
Distribution
loss
Consumption
in P/S
Consumption
in S/S
Transmission
and distribution
loss
Total loss
A
m
o
u
n
t

o
f

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
/
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

p
o
w
e
r

A
m
o
u
n
t

o
f

d
e
m
a
n
d
e
d

p
o
w
e
r




Transmission
loss
Distribution loss
C
D
Transmission and
distribution loss
S
u
p
p
l
y

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

a
t

s
e
n
d
i
n
g

e
n
d

S
u
p
p
l
y

c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

a
t

d
e
m
a
n
d

e
n
d

Total loss rate
=1-B/A
Transmission and
Distribution loss rate

=1-D/C
PS
SS
*
Excluding the consumption in P/S
Including the consumption in S/S
Substation
(for distribution)
Step-up
TR
Electric
power
consumption
in S/S
Electric
power
consumption
in S/S
4
Major Factors of Power Loss
Resistance Loss
Corona Loss
Dielectric Loss of Cable
Copper Loss & Iron Loss
of Transformer
Loss of T.L
Loss of
D.L
5
Resistance Loss (general formula)
Where
: Line Current [A]
: Resistance of one line [ /m]
: Length of the Line [m]
When current flows through T.L. or D.L. which have
Resistance, Joule heat that corresponds to
Resistance Loss generates:
Resistance Loss is as follows: ] [W w
dx r i w
L
o
x
}
=
2
i
r
L
O
6
Resistance Loss (Overhead T.L)
Where, : Charging current [A]
: Power factor
(In case of a short-distance)
L r I w =
2
3
c
I
| cos
Where, : Line Current [A]
: Resistance of one line [ /km]
: Length of the Line [km]
I
r
L
(In case of a long-distance)
O
{ }
2 2
3 / 1 cos 3 Ic Ic I I L r w + = |


7
Resistance Loss (D.L.)
Where,
: Sending-end current [A]
: Dispersal loss factor
Current is not constant except the case
Concentrating on the end of line. Therefore;
x
i
rLh I dx r i w
m
L
o
x
2 2
= =
}
m
I
h
8
Resistance Loss (D.L.)
<Load Distribution and Dispersal Loss Factor>
Concentrating on the end
of line
Dispersal loss
factor
Model of dispersal load
Distributing equally on
the line
Increasing, so that it goes
to the end of line
Becoming the maximum
in the middle of line
Decreasing, so that it
goes to the end of line
( ) % 33
3
1
~
1
( ) % 53
15
8
~
( ) % 20
5
1
=
( ) % 38
60
23
~
9
Corona Loss (Overhead T.L)
In case of a transmission line with voltage higher
than about 100kV, if the conductors which size of
diameter is too small for the specific voltage use,
voltage potential gradient on conductor surface
becomes high, and occurs partial breakdown of the
air insulation.
Corona discharge occurs, and causes corona loss.
And it is significantly affected by some external factors.
(from weather condition, such as water or snow deposit
on the conductor)
10
The losses of Overhead T.L.
A Comparison of Transmission Losses among Different Overhead Lines
Class
Yearly electric loss energy (MWh/100 kmcircuityr)
Remarks
Resistance
loss
Corona loss Core loss Total
154 kV
TACSR 610 mm
2
(1 conductor)
57,700
(99.3)
8
(Negligible)
410
(0.7)
58,118
(100)
Figures in
parentheses
are
composition
ratios (%).
275 kV
ACSR 410 mm
2
(4 conductors)
20,100
(98.8)
54
(0.3)
180
(0.9)
20,334
(100)
500 kW
TACSR 810 mm
2
(4 conductors)
11,000
(94.2)
440
(3.8)
240
(2.0)
11,680
(100)
Note: Input current: I = 1,000 (A); annual load factor: f = 0.6; loss factor: = 0.432
11
Dielectric Loss of Cables (Underground T.L./D.L. )
o |
.
|

\
|
t = tan
E
C f W
n d
2
3
2
is in proportion to the squire of voltage V .
Therefore, if the voltage is higher than 22kV, the
dielectric loss of cable cannot be disregarded.
d
W
Where, : frequency [Hz]
: Static capacity [ F/km]
: Line-to-line voltage [kV]
: Dielectric loss tangent
f
n C
E
o tan

Single-core type
Sheath
Conductor
Insulating Material
Semi-conducting
layer
12
The losses of Underground T.L.
Transmission Losses in Underground Cables

Type of
cable
Applied
voltage
(kV)
Capacity
(MW)
Yearly electric loss energy
(GWh/20 kmcircuityr)
Remarks
Resistance
loss
Dielectric
loss
Sheath
loss
Total
OF
2000
mm
2

154
100
0.44
(20)
1.68
(70)
0.09
(4)
2.21
(100)

etan
=3.40.
2%
200
1.77
(47)
1.68
(44)
0.35
(9)
3.80
(100)
275
200
0.52
(11)
4.10
(86)
0.15
(3)
4.77
(100)
400
2.09
(31)
4.10
(60)
0.61
(9)
6.80
(100)
500
400
0.64
(7)
8.57
(90)
0.27
(3)
9.48
(100)
600
1.43
(13)
8.57
(81)
0.6
(6)
10.6
(100)
o
13
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Copper Loss
Eddy current loss
Winding resistance Loss
Loss
Load loss
Non-Load loss
Hysteresis loss
Iron Loss
Auxiliary equipment
loss
Cooling Fan loss
Oil pump loss
14
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Iron Loss (Non-load Loss)
Loss with steady value that
generates in an energized state,
regardless of the value of the current.
Iron loss is mainly categorized to
Hysteresis loss or Eddy current
loss.
15
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Iron Loss (Non-load Loss)
<Hysteresis loss>
The direction and magnitude of
magnetic flux in a coil constantly
changes due to AC current, and it
causes the friction loss between
molecules.
16
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Iron Loss (Non-load Loss)
< Hysteresis loss>


: Hysteresis Loss
: Frequency
: Maximum Magnetic
Flux Density
: Proportional Constant
<Hysteresis Curve>
horizontal axis
Magnetic Field Intensity H
vertical axis
Magnetic Flux Density B
6 . 1
m h h
fB k P =
h
P
f
m
B
h
k
17
Iron Losses of a Transformer
Conventional
core
Improved Core
JIS Type
(NOTE)
35G165 35P135 35P115 30P105
Core
Loss(w/kg)
(%)
1.65
(100)
1.35
(82)
1.15
(70)
1.05
(64)
(NOTE) The first 2-digit represents the value of the thickness (mm) multiplied by 100.
G means a normal material, and P means a high-orientation material.
The last 3-digit represents the guaranteed value of core loss which is multiplied by
100.(at the 50 Hz frequency and 1.7T flux density.)
18
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Iron Loss (Non-load Loss)
< Eddy current loss>
Magnetic flux change causes an electro
motive force and an eddy current is induced
within the core, causing resistive heating.


: Frequency
: Maximum Magnetic Flux Density
: Eddy current loss :Resistivity of magnetic material
: Thickness of iron plate : Proportional Constant
( )

=
2
m
e e
fB t
k P
e
P
f
m
B
e
k
t

19
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Copper Loss (Load Loss)
Load current flowing through the
winding causes resistive heating of
the conductors.

Copper Loss is proportional to the
square of the load current. ( )
R I
2

20
Thank You!
21

22
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Definition (IEC 60076-1*)
Copper Loss (Load Loss)
= the absorbed active power at rated
frequency at reference temperature
associated with a pair of windings when
rated current is flowing through the line
terminals of one of the windings, and
the terminals of the other winding are
short-circuited. Further windings are
open-circuited.
(*)Power Transformer General
23
Copper Loss & Iron Loss of a Transformer
Definition (IEC 60076-1)
Iron Loss (Non-load Loss)
= the active power absorbed when
rate voltage at rated frequency is
applied to the terminals of one of the
winding, other winding or winding
being open-circuited