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The document discusses the quantum mechanical model of the atom. It explains that electrons in atoms are arranged in discrete energy levels called orbitals. The locations and energies of orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin quantum number (ms). Electrons fill these orbitals according to specific rules, such as the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule, resulting in the atom's unique electron configuration. Electron configurations can be depicted using notation that indicates the orbitals occupied by each atom's electrons.
The document discusses the quantum mechanical model of the atom. It explains that electrons in atoms are arranged in discrete energy levels called orbitals. The locations and energies of orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin quantum number (ms). Electrons fill these orbitals according to specific rules, such as the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule, resulting in the atom's unique electron configuration. Electron configurations can be depicted using notation that indicates the orbitals occupied by each atom's electrons.
The document discusses the quantum mechanical model of the atom. It explains that electrons in atoms are arranged in discrete energy levels called orbitals. The locations and energies of orbitals are described by four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin quantum number (ms). Electrons fill these orbitals according to specific rules, such as the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule, resulting in the atom's unique electron configuration. Electron configurations can be depicted using notation that indicates the orbitals occupied by each atom's electrons.
ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Characteristics of Electrons Extremely small mass Located outside the nucleus Moving at extremely high speeds in a sphere Have specific energy levels
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Energy of Electrons When atoms are heated, bright lines appear called line spectra Electrons in atoms arranged in discrete levels. An electron absorbs energy to jump to a higher energy level. When an electron falls to a lower energy level, energy is emitted. CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Loss and Gain of Energy
G a I n L o s s CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Bohr Model First model of the electron structure Gives levels where an electron is most likely to be found Incorrect today, but a key in understanding the atom CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Mechanics
Describes the arrangement and space occupied by electrons in atoms CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Mechanics Describes the arrangement of electrons in atoms in terms of: Main or principal energy levels (n) Energy subshells Orbitals (space occupied within the atom)
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Mechanical Atom Electrons in atoms have quantized energies Electrons in atoms are bound to the nucleus by electrostatic attraction Electron waves are standing matter waves standing matter waves have quantized energies, as with the "electron on a wire" model
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Mechanical Atom Electron standing matter waves are 3 dimensional The electron on a wire model was one dimensional; one quantum number was required to describe the state of the electron A 3D model requires three quantum numbers A three-dimensional standing matter wave that describes the state of an electron in an atom is called an atomic orbital CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Mechanical Atom The energies and mathematical forms of the orbitals can be computed using the Schrdinger equation quantization isn't assumed; it arises naturally in solution of the equation every electron adds 3 variables (x, y, z) to the equation; it's very hard to solve equations with lots of variables. energy-level separations computed with the Schrdinger equation agree very closely with those computed from atomic spectral lines
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum numbers Specify the address of each electron in an atom
UPPER LEVEL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The principal quantum number, n determines the size of an orbital (bigger n = bigger orbitals) largely determines the energy of the orbital (bigger n = higher energy) can take on integer values n = 1, 2, 3, ..., all electrons in an atom with the same value of n are said to belong to the same shell CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The principal quantum number, n spectroscopists use the following names for shells n Shell Name 1 K 2 L 3 M 4 N 5 O 6 P 7 Q CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Number of Electrons
Maximum number of electrons in any electron level = 2n 2
n =1 2(1) 2 = 2 n =2 2(2) 2 = 8 n =3 2(3) 2 = 18
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The principal quantum number, n CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The azimuthal quantum number, l designates the overall shape of the orbital within a shell affects orbital energies (bigger l = higher energy) all electrons in an atom with the same value of l are said to belong to the same subshell only integer values between 0 and n-1 are allowed sometimes called the orbital angular momentum quantum number CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The azimuthal quantum number, l spectroscopists use the following names for subshells l Subshell name 0 s - sharp 1 p - principal 2 d - diffuse 3 f - fundamental CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The azimuthal quantum number, l
s p d f CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The magnetic quantum number, m l determines the orientation of orbitals within a subshell does not affect orbital energy (except in magnetic fields!) only integer values between -l and +l are allowed the number of m values within a subshell is the number of orbitals within a subshell CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The magnetic quantum number, m l The number of possible m l values determines the number of orbitals in a subshell. l possible values of m l Number of orbital in this subshell 0 0 1 1 -1, 0, +1 3 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
5 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
7 CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The magnetic quantum number, m l CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The magnetic quantum number, m l p x p y p z
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The magnetic quantum number, m l Orbitals combine to form a spherical shape. 2s 2p z
2p y
2p x
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The spin quantum number, m s several experimental observations can be explained by treating the electron as though it were spinning spin makes the electron behave like a tiny magnet spin can be clockwise or counterclockwise spin quantum number can have values of +1/2 or -1/2 CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Quantum Numbers The spin quantum number, m s CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Electron Configuration The statement of how many electrons an atom has in each of its subshells. a list showing how many electrons are in each orbital or subshell in an atom or ion CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Pauli Exclusion Principle Limits the number of electrons in any orbital to not more than two Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Hunds Rule Priciple of Maximum Multiplicity Within a sublevel, place one e - per orbital before pairing them. Empty Bus Seat Rule
RIGHT WRONG CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Aufbau Principle Electrons fill the lowest energy orbital first. Lazy Tenant Rule
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration s p d f Notation the distribution of electrons using this method indicates the energy level and sublevels that are filled. CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration Energy sequence
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 4f 5f 6f 7f Note: s 2 p 6 d 10 f 14
A way to remember the filling order of subshells, write subshells designations and follow the diagonal arrows starting from left. CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration s p d f Notation 1s 2
main shell subshell
number of electrons CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration s p d f Notation
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration Orbital diagram using arrows to represent electrons and boxes for orbitals. (Pauli exclusion principle and Hunds Rule should be followed) CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration Orbital diagram
1s 2s 2p CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration Orbital diagram
1. write the electron configuration in subshell notation 2. draw a box for each orbital.
Remember that s, p, d, and f subshells contain 1, 3, 5, and 7 degenerate orbitals, respectively.
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration Orbital diagram
Remember that an orbital can hold 0, 1, or 2 electrons only, and if there are two electrons in the orbital, they must have opposite (paired) spins (Pauli principle )
3. within a subshell (depicted as a group of boxes), spread the electrons out and line up their spins as much as possible (Hund's rule )
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration Orbital diagram Example: 1.) 9 F 2.) 13 Al 3.) 2 He 4.) 12 Mg
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Learning Check Using the periodic table, write the complete electronic configuration using electron notation for each: A. Cl
B. Sr
C. I CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Solution Using the periodic table, write the complete electronic configuration using electron notation for each: A. Cl 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
B. Sr 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2
C. I 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 5
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Paramagnetic - When there is unpaired electron - configurations with unpaired electrons are attracted to magnetic fields (paramagnetism )
Diamagnetic - When all electrons are paired - configurations with only paired electrons are weakly repelled by magnetic fields (diamagnetism ) CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Some other important terms Differentiating electron - the last entering electron in the electron configuration
Valence Shell - the outermost shell
Valence Electron -all the electrons in the outermost shell or valence shell CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Core and Valence Electron chemistry involves mostly the shell with the highest value of principal quantum number , n, called the valence shell the noble gas core under the valence shell is chemically inert simplify the notation for electron configurations by replacing the core with a noble gas symbol in square brackets: CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Example of Electron Configuration written with the Core and Valence Electron Atom Full configuration Core valence configuration Full configuration using core/valence notation
O
1s 2 2s 2 2p 4
He 2s 2 2p 4
[He] 2s 2 2p 4
Cl
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
Ne 3s 2 3p 5
[Ne] 3s 2 3p 5
Al
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
Ne 3s 2 3p 1
[Ne] 3s 2 3p 1 CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Psuedocore Electrons electrons in d and f subshells outside the noble gas core are called pseudocore electrons CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY Examples of electron configurations containing pseudocore electrons Atom Core Psuedocore Valence Full Configuration