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Non-Deterministic

Finite Automata

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Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA)

Alphabet = {a}

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Alphabet = {a}

Two choices q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Alphabet = {a}

Two choices q1 a q2 No transition


a
q0
a
q3 No transition

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First Choice

a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

a a
All input is consumed
q1 a q2 “accept”
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
No transition:
q3
the automaton hangs

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Second Choice

a a
Input cannot be consumed
q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3 “reject”

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An NFA accepts a string:
when there is a computation of the NFA
that accepts the string

There is a computation:
all the input is consumed and the automaton
is in an accepting state

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Example

aa is accepted by the NFA:

“accept”
q1 a q2 q1 a q2
a a
q0
a
q0
a
q3 q3 “reject”
because this
computation
accepts aa 14
Rejection example

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

a
“reject”
q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3 “reject”

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An NFA rejects a string:
when there is no computation of the NFA
that accepts the string.

For each computation:


• All the input is consumed and the
automaton is in a non final state

OR
• The input cannot be consumed
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Example

a is rejected by the NFA:

“reject”
q1 a q2 q1 a q2
a a
q0 q0
a a
q3
“reject” q3

All possible computations lead to rejection


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Rejection example

a a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

a a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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First Choice

a a a

q1 a q2
a
q0 No transition:
a
the automaton hangs
q3

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First Choice

a a a
Input cannot be consumed
q1 a q2 “reject”
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

a a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

a a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Second Choice

a a a

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
No transition:
q3
the automaton hangs

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Second Choice

a a a
Input cannot be consumed
q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3 “reject”

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aaa is rejected by the NFA:

“reject”
q1 a q2 q1 a q2
a a
q0
a
q0
a
q3 q3 “reject”

All possible computations lead to rejection


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Language accepted: L  {aa}

q1 a q2
a
q0
a
q3

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Lambda Transitions

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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(read head does not move)

a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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all input is consumed

a a

“accept”

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

String aa is accepted
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Rejection Example

a a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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a a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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(read head doesn’t move)

a a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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a a a

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

No transition:
the automaton hangs
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Input cannot be consumed

a a a

“reject”

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

String aaa is rejected


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Language accepted: L  {aa}

q0 a q1  q2 a q3

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Another NFA Example

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b

“accept”
q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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Another String

a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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a b a b

“accept”
q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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Language accepted

L   ab, abab, ababab, ...



  ab

q0 a q1 b q2  q3


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Another NFA Example

0
q0 q1 0, 1 q2
1

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Language accepted

L(M ) = { λ, 10, 1010, 101010, ...}


= { 10} *
0
q0 q1 0, 1 q2
1 (redundant
state)

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Remarks:
•The  symbol never appears on the
input tape

•Simple automata:

M1 M2
q0 q0

L(M1 ) = {} L(M 2 ) = {λ}


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•NFAs are interesting because we can
express languages easier than FAs

NFA M1 FA M2 a
q2
q0 a q1
a
q0 a q1

L( M1 ) = {a} L( M 2 ) = {a}
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Formal Definition of NFAs
M   Q, ,  , q0 , F 

Q : Set of states, i.e.  q0 , q1, q2 


 : Input aplhabet, i.e.  a, b
: Transition function

q0 : Initial state

F : Accepting states
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Transition Function 

  q0 , 1   q1

0
q0 q1 0, 1 q
2
1

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 (q1,0)  {q0 , q2}

0
q0 q1 0, 1 q
2
1

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 (q0 ,  )  {q0 , q2}

0
q0 q1 0, 1 q
2
1

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 (q2 ,1)  

0
q0 q1 0, 1 q
2
1

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Extended Transition Function  *

 *  q0 , a    q1

q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

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 *  q0 , aa    q4 , q5 

q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

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 *  q0 , ab    q2 , q3 , q0 

q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

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Formally
q j   *  qi , w : there is a walk from qi to q j
with label w

qi w qj

w   1 2  k
1 2 k
qi qj

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The Language of an NFA M
F   q0 ,q5 
q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

 *  q0 , aa    q4 , q5 aa  L(M )
F
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F   q0 ,q5 
q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

 *  q0 , ab    q2 , q3 , q0  ab  L M 
F
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F   q0 ,q5 
q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

 *  q0 , abaa    q4 , q5 aaba  L(M )


F
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F   q0 ,q5 
q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

 *  q0 , aba    q1 aba  L M 


F
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q4 q5
a a
q0 a q1 b q2  q3

L M       ab * {aa}

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Formally
The language accepted by NFA M is:
L M    w1, w2 , w3 ,...

where  * (q0 , wm )  {qi , q j ,..., qk ,}

and there is some qk  F (accepting state)


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w L M   * (q0 , w)
qi
w

q0
qk qk  F
w
w qj

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