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Chapter 5-- Histology

(microscopic anatomy)
Ch. 5 Study Guide
1. Read Chapter 5 up to page 170 right
before 5.4 Nervous and Muscular Tissue
2. Comprehend Terminology (those in bold in
the textbook)
3. Study-- Figure questions, Think About It
questions, and Before You Go On (section-
ending) questions
4. Do end-of-chapter questions
Testing Your Recall 1-4, 6-10, 13, 17, 18, 20
True or False 1, 2, 5, 6, 10
Testing Your Comprehension-- #4, #5
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5.1--The study of tissues
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The Study of Tissues
1. Whole body contains only 200 different types
of cells
2. Four tissue classes (Def. of tissue--?) See
Table 5.1.

3. Histology (microscopic anatomy)
study of tissues and how they form organs
4. Organ = structure with discrete boundaries
composed of 2 or more tissue types
Examples:

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Differences among 4 Tissue Classes
1. Types and functions of cells--
For example: Epithelial, CT, Nervous,
Muscular
2. Characteristics of the matrix
(extracellular material)
Rubbery, stony, or gelatinous
3. Relative amount of space occupied by
cells versus matrix
CT vs. muscle and epithelium
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Embryonic Tissues
1. Embryo begins as a single cell
divides into many cells that form layers (strata)
2. Three primary germ layers
A.ectoderm (outer) gives rise to: epidermis +
nervous system
B.endoderm (inner): mucous membranes: GI
tract and respiratory linings; digestive glands.

C.mesoderm (middle) forms mesenchyme
(gelatinuous tissue) and then give rise to
muscle, bone, and blood
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Tissue Sectioning (1)
1. Preparation of histological specimens
fixation
sections
mounted on slides & stained

2. Sectioning (slicing) an organ or tissue
reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2-
dimensional slice (see the next 3 slides)
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
Slices 1 & 5
miss the yolk
/ cell nucleus

Cell nucleus
is smaller in
sections 2 &
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Tissue Sectioning (2)
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Tissue Sectioning (3)
Image A is a cross
section of elbow
macaroni,
resembling a blood
vessel, piece of gut,
or other tubular
organ.
Image B is a
longitudinal section
of a sweat gland.
Notice what a single
slice could look like
A B
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Types of Tissue Sections (1)
Longitudinal section
tissue cut along the
longest direction of an
organ
Cross section
tissue cut perpendicular
to the length of an
organ
Oblique section
tissue cut at an angle
between a cross &
longitudinal section
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Types of Tissue Sections (2)
Would you classify
the egg sections as
longitudinal, cross,
or oblique sections?
How would the egg
look if sectioned in
the other two
planes? (Fig. 5.2
question)
Practice at home.
5.2--Epithelial tissue
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Epithelial Tissue Introduction (1)
1. One or more layers of closely adhering cells
2. (Top) Forms a flat sheet with the upper (______)
surface exposed to the environment or an internal
body cavity
3. (Bottom) Sits on basement membrane (basal
surface of cells); Fig. X
anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue
4. (Nourishment) No room for blood vessels; . . .
CT
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What are the
functions of
the basement
membrane?
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Epithelial Tissue Introduction (2)
Arrangement and Cell Shape
1.Simple epithelium
contains one layer of cells
named by shape of cells

2.Stratified epithelium
contains more than one layer
named by shape of apical cells

Fig. 5.3
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1.Simple Squamous Epithelium
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1. (Structure) Single row of flat cells (scaly)
2. (Functions) Allows rapid diffusion of
substances; secretes serous fluid
3. (Locations) in alveoli, glomerular
capsule, endothelium (blood vessels and
heart), and serosa (external surface)
such as stomach & intestines
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2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
1. (Structure) Single row of cube-shaped
cells, often with microvilli
2. (Functions) Absorption & secretion;
produces mucus
3. (Locations) Liver, thyroid, mammary,
salivary and other glands, bronchioles, and
most kidney tubules

Fig. 5.5
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3.Simple Columnar Epithelium
1. (Structure) Single row of tall, narrow cells
vertically oriented, oval nuclei in basal half
of cell
2. (Functions) Absorption & secretion; secretion
of mucus
3. (Locations) Inner lining of GI tract from
stomach to the anus; ducts of gallbladder;
uterus, and uterine tubes; some kidney tubes;
a few portions of upper respiratory tract
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4. Pseudostratified Epithelium
1. (Structure) Single row of cells not all of
which reach the free surface; nuclei at
different levels.
2. (Functions) secretes propels mucus
3. (Locations) most of the upper respiratory
system from nasal cavity to bronchi; part of
male urethra
Fig. 5.7
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Stratified Epithelia
Composed of more than one layer of cells &
named for shape of __________ cells

Deepest cells sit on basement membrane
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5A. Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Layers of epithelium covered with compact, ______
squamous cells (no nuclei) packed with protein keratin
Retards water loss, prevents entrance of organisms
Forms epidermal layer of skin (esp. soles and palms)
F
i
g
.

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5B.Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
Multilayered epithelium that lacks surface layer of
dead cells forming moist, slippery layer
Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus & vagina
Epithelial
layer
Fig. 5.9
Mucosa
of the
vagina
Pap smear/test
What? Examination of exfoliated cells
Where? The cervix
Why?
How? Loose cells are examined
microscopically for abnormal cells
Who? Between 30-50 years old

Fig. 28.5
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Fig. 28.5Pap smears
Which one is
normal cells?
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6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
(Structure) Two or more layers of cells; surface cells
square or round
(Functions) Secretion and production
(Locations) Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary
glands, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules
F
i
g
.

5
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0

S
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a
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g
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d

d
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t
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7. Transitional Epithelium
1. (Structure) Multilayered epithelium with
rounded (not flattened) surface cells
2. (Functions) Allow stretches and distension
3. (Locations) Urinary tract--part of kidney,
ureter, urinary bladder, part of the urethra

Fig. X
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Qs from Before You Go On (p. 162)
Distinguish between simple and stratified
epithelia. Explain why pseudostratified
columnar epithelium belongs in the former
category?
Distinguish a stratified squamous
epithelium from a transitional epithelium.
How do the epithelia of the esophagus
and stomach differ? Respective
functions?
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5.3--Connective tissue
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Connective Tissue (CT) Overview
Most abundant and variable tissue type
3 structural elements
Consists mostly of (a) G________; (b) F_______
(c) with widely spaced cells
Functions of CT:
Binding of organs --Ex. a tendon connects
muscle to bone
Support, protection, movement -- Ex. bones
Storage (energy, electrolytes) Ex. Fats/bones

Transport -- Ex. Blood
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1. Ground Substance of C.T.
Gelatinous or rubbery material found in
between cells Function?
Consists of 3 classes of large molecules
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Polysacharides that attract sodium & hold water
Ex.--
Proteoglycan is bottlebrush-shaped molecule
Forms thick gel that slows the spread of pathogens

Cell adhesive glycoproteins
Allow themselves bind to matrix elements
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2. Fibers of C.T.
Collagen fibers--called white fibers (Fig. 5.13)
Most abundant protein of the body
Thick, tough, resist stretch yet flexible
Ex. tendons, ligaments & dermis
Elastic fibers--called yellow fibers
made of E______; recoil like rubberband (elasticity)
Ex. skin, lungs & arteries; ability to recoil
Reticular fibers
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
Ex. form framework for spleen & lymph nodes

Figure 5.13
Tendons
(collagen)
Collagen
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3. Cells of C.T.
Fibroblasts -- produce fibers & ground substance
WBCs -- wander (mostly in CT) in search of
bacteria
Macrophages large phagocytic cells-- arise from
monocytes (WBC); function? phagocytosis

Plasma cells -- arise from lymphocytes; antibody-
producing cells
Mast cells oval shaped; clustered along blood
vessels; secrete heparin and histamine

Adipocytes or fat cells --store triglycerides
5.3--Connective tissue
A. Fibrous CT
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Five Types of Fibrous C.T.
Divided into 2 broad categories:
Loose CT (3 slides followed)
contains MORE gel-like ground substance
between cells
3 types: A--areolar, B--reticular, C--adipose tissue

Dense CT (2 slides followed)
FIBERS fill the spaces between cells
2 types varying in fiber orientation: D--dense
regular, E--dense irregular
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A-- Areolar Tissue
Loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers;
scattered cell types; abundant ground substance
Locations-- Underlying all epithelia; surrounding
nerves, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea
Fig. Mesentery
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B-- Reticular Tissue
Loose network of
R_________ and cells

Forms structural
supportive stroma for
lymphatic organs

Locations-- lymph
nodes, spleen, thymus
& bone marrow
Fig. Spleen
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C-- Adipose Tissue (Fat)
Large, empty-looking cells dominate with thin
margins; nucleus pressed against cell
membrane; often very pale
Functions-- Energy storage, insulation, space
filled as cushioning

Locations-- Subcutaneous fat beneath skin,
breast, heart surface, surrounding organs
Fig. 5.18
Figure 5.16b
Fig. Adipose tissue
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D-- Dense Regular CT
Structure-- Mainly densely, PACKED,
PARALLEL C__________FIBERS;
compressed fibroblast nuclei; scanty open
space and blood vessels
Locations-- Tendons & ligaments

Figure 5.16
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D-- Dense Regular CT
Fig. Tendon
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E-- Dense Irregular CT
Densely packed collagen fibers running in
________ directions; scanty open space;
few visible cells and blood vessels
Function-- Withstands stresses applied in
MANY DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
Locations-- Deeper portion of skin;
capsules around organs (ex. Liver, kidney
etc); sheaths around cartilages and bones

Figure 5.17
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E-- Dense Irregular CT
Fig. Dermis of the skin
5.3--Connective tissue
B. Cartilage, Bone, Blood
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Cartilage
Supportive CT with rubbery matrix
Chondroblasts produce matrix, surround
themselves, and become Chondrocytes
No blood vessels; so diffusion must bring in
nutrients & remove wastes; healing . . .
3 types of cartilage depend upon FIBER
TYPES
A--hyaline, B--elastic, and C--fibrocartilage
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A-- Hyaline Cartilage
Clear, glassy matrix; invisible fine
dispersed collagen fibers; chondrocytes
in small clusters enclosed in lacunae
Supports airway, eases joint movements

Locations-- Over ends of bones at
movable joints; sternal ends of ribs;
supportive material in larynx, trachea,
bronchi and fetal skeleton
Fig. 5.19
Figure 5.19b
Fig. Fetal skeleton
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B-- Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage with weblike mesh of
elastic fibers amid the lacunae; always
has perichondrium (a sheath of C.T.)

Provides flexible, elastic support

Locations Ear + Epiglottis
Fig. 5.20
Figure 5.20b
Fig. External ear
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C-- Fibrocartilage
Cartilage containing extensive parallel
Collagen fibers; never has
perichondrium; row of chondrocytes in
lacunae
Resists compression and absorbs shock in
some joints
Locations-- Pubic symphysis, menisci
(pads) in knee joint, & intervertebral discs
Fig. 5.21
Figure 5.21b
Fig. Intervertebral disc
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Bone (osseous tissue)
Spongy bone looks spongy in appearance
fills heads of long bones
delicate struts of bone
ALWAYS COVERED BY COMPACT
BONE
Compact (dense) bone looks solid
No space visible to the naked eye
External surfaces of ALL bones
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Compact bone
Calcified matrix in concentric lamellae
around central (haversian) canal
containing blood vessels
osteocytes in lacunae between lamellae
connected by canaliculi delicate
narrowing canals . . .

Physical support; leverage for muscles;
mineral storage
Locations-- in skeleton (Fig. 5.22)
Fig. Compact bone
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Canaliculi ?
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Blood
Variety of cells and cell fragments;
some with nuclei & some without

RBC, WBC, platelets


Found in heart and blood vessels

Fig. 5.23
Fig. Blood smear
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