Optical Networks

Mithilesh Pamnani

Chiranjib Dhar

Shoaib Naik

Prabhat Singal

Abhishek Singh

Nagalakshmi S
 What is Optical Network?

• Optical networks are high-capacity

telecommunications networks based on
optical technologies and components
that provide routing, grooming, and
restoration at the wavelength level
as well as wavelength-based services
• It uses Optical Fibers for data
transmission
 FTTH - why did it come into
picture

• As the quality of the optical fibre was

improving, efficient transmitters and
receivers appeared, it seemed possible
to build an access network that would be
based on the optical technology.
•
• Due to the lack of active units in the
light path, the architecture of the
system was simple, cost effective and
offered bandwidth that was not, and
still is not, possible to achieve by
other access methods.
•
 History
n In 1950’s scientists developed glass fibers that included a
separate glass coating
n In 1957, Gordon Gould popularized the idea of using lasers
n In 1970, Drs. Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz
succeeded in developing a glass fiber that exhibited
attenuation at less than 20 dB/km
n In the early 1970’s, the U.S. Navy installed a fiber optic
telephone
n In 1977, AT&T installed fiber optic telephone systems in
Chicago and Boston respectively
n At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, fiber optics
transmitted the first ever digital video signal
n In 1998, researchers transmitted 100 simultaneous optical
signals, each at a data rate of 10 gigabits (giga means
billion) per second for a distance of nearly 250 miles (400
km)
n The important factor in these developments is the increase in
fiber transmission capacity, which has grown by a factor of
200 in the last decade
Comparison with other media
Transmission Capacity
Bandwidth - Scalability
 Advantages of Optical Fiber
•

• Enormous bandwidth.
•

• Less susceptible to signal degradation than copper wire.

•

• Less weight.
•

• Data can be transmitted digitally.

•

• Lower-power transmitters can be used instead of the high-voltage

electrical transmitters used for copper wires.
•

• No Crosstalk.
•

• Because no electricity is passed through optical cable it is non-

flammable, and immune to lightning.
•

• High Signal Security. Difficult to tap signal from optical cable

•
 Disadvantages

• Fibre optics are that the cables are

expensive and difficult to install(But cost
can be reduced when installed over long
distances)
•

• The termination of a fibre optics cable is

complex and requires special tools.
•

• They are more fragile than coaxial cable.

•
 Types Of Optical Networks

• There are basically two broad categories of

optical networks –
•

– Passive Optical Networks (PON)

•

– Active Optical Networks (AON)

GPON
•

• The need for larger bandwidths and the

unquestionable complexity of ATM forced
a revised approach an hence new
standard called GPON3 was released in
2003.
• Uses Generic framing procedure and not
ATM
• Provides both voice and data oriented
services
• Transfer rates of up to 2.48 Gbps in the
downstream as well as the upstream
direction.
•

Ethernet PON ( EPON )

•

• Released in September 2004 with a main

goal to achieve a full compatibility
 NEXT GENERATION OF ACCESS
NETWORKS
•
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ACCESS PASSIVE OPTICAL
NETWORKS
•

– Ultimately, they can offer the largest bandwidth at the

lowest cost
– The architecture of WDM PON is similar to PON. The main
difference is that ONUs operate on different
wavelengths and hence higher transmission rates can be
achieved
– Requires manual reconfiguration which significantly
increases the cost of maintenance
– The disadvantage of WDM PONs is the high cost of
equipment
•

• WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TIME DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS
• Developed in an attempt to serve more customers.
• A hybrid of both WDMA and TDMA
• Less complex and expensive equipment was needed than in
WDM PONs with a similar number of connected customers
•
Comparison of different FTTH
architectures
PON (Passive Optical Network)
Different Topologies
Network Topologies with PON
AON (Active Optical Network)
Network Topologies with AON
AON vs PON
Comparison - AON vs. PON

• Bandwidth
–
• Security and quality of services
•
• Business case aspects
•
• Investment costs (CAPEX) comparison
•
• Operating expenses (OPEX) comparison
•
• Flexibility and scope for usage
•
• Summary
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Security and quality of
services
Security and quality of
services
Security and quality of
services
Security and quality of
services
 Business case aspects-
Investment costs (CAPEX)
Comparison of operating
expenses (OPEX)
Flexibility and scope for usage
Summary
Summary
GPON-ENCAPSULATION
 EPON Vs. GPON
 PARAMETER EPON GPON

Standard IEEE803.2ah ITU-TG.984

Bandwidth Symmetric 1Gbps Downstream 1.25-2.5Gbps

Upstream 155Mbps-2.5Gbps

Downstream 72% 92%

Efficiency 8B/10B encoding (20%) NRZ scrambling (no encoding)
Overhead & Preamble (8%) Overhead (8%)
Revenue BW 900 Mbps 2300 Mbps

Transmission Ethernet ATM, Ethernet, TDM

 EPON Vs. GPON cntd..
 PARAMETER EPON
Split ratio 1:32
Security None specified. AES used by
various vendors.
Interoperability None specified
Network Management OAM&P OAM is optional and
minimally supports: failure
indication, loop-back and link
monitoring to the ONT.
QoS No Prioritization
Provisioning and
services are out of scope.
GPON
1:64, (1:128 planned)
128-bit AES is part of the
standard.
FSAN and ITU-T
OMCI is mandatory.
Full FCAPS on ONT and
services.
Fragmentation for High-
Priority Packets
Fragmentation for High-
Priority Packets
GPON/EPON Framing
DEPLOYMENT OF OPTICAL N/W S

• Fiber To The Home (FTTH) deployments

continue to enjoy accelerated growth
worldwide
•
• Alcatel-Lucent is engaged in over 95
FTTH projects around the world, over
80 of which are with GPON (as-of Q2,
2009)
 USAGE ACROSSS THE WORLD

BPON - GPON
•

• The United States (Verizon, Calix)

• The UK
•

EPON
•

• Japan (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone

Corporation [NTT])
• Korea (Korea Telecom)
• China (Huawei, ZTE)
•
 TDM PON

• B-PON, E-PON, and G-PON are close

derivatives of the original TDM PON
concept.
• The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PON (EPON or
GEPON) standard was completed in 2004
• EPON 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric
1 gigabit per second upstream and
downstream rates
• Drift from EPON to GPON because GPON
supports triple play
•
•
 IMPORTANCE OF PON
•

• Bandwidth will be much more higher then

copper line connection so we will have
access to internet much more faster
• Low OPEX and CAPEX
• No active components-which translates into
low maintenance and replacement costs
• Competitive pricing
• PON provides a faster connection to
internet because of this large firms
profits more because time is money
 GPON

• Gigabit PON
• It is an evolution of the BPON standard
• It is a PON technology operating at
bitrates of above 1 Gb/s
• It supports higher rates, enhanced
security, and choice of Layer 2 protocol
(ATM, GEM, Ethernet)
• worldwide gigabit passive optical network
(GPON) deployments have increased seven-
fold- Dell’Oro Group.
 WDM PON

• WDM-PONs can serve distances up to 80–100 km

without the need for optical amplification
in addition to blistering b/w
•
• The other advantage of WDM-PON is a huge
increase in the potential number of end-
users served.
•
• The high cost of WDM-PON equipment is still a
major stumbling block to widespread
deployment
•
•
 NORTH AMERICA

• Calix- leader in the fast-growing GPON

fiber-fed mobile backhaul
• Telecom provider CenturyLink (CenturyTel
Inc.) has selected the new Calix 766GX,
766GX-R, and 765G-R GPON optical network
terminals (ONTs) for fiber-fed mobile
backhaul services in 33 states.
• Broadcom – come up with optical network
chips
• Verizon - to introduce an advanced FTTP
architecture
•
• Nortel –LG JV, acquired WDM-PON equipment maker
Novera Optics in August 2008.

•
• German metro specialist ADVA Optical Networking
entering the market with a product that exploits
coarse WDM in September 2008

•
• Cable operators and other CLECs using GPON for
business services have been able to compete very
effectively for small- and medium-size businesses,
as well as for backhaul to cellular sites
•

•
 EUROPE

• Nokia Siemens Networks eschewing existing PON

technology- in favor of WDM-PON.
•
• Tellabs is concentrating on WDM-PON through
its involvement in its research project,
drifting away from GPON
•
• Nortel announced in September that UNET will
deliver high-speed internet for homes and
businesses in the Netherlands using its WDM-
PON solution
•
• WDM-PON is still not standardized, and that
 KOREA
• Proxim Wireless Corporation -quadruple play,
announced its new 4G Backhaul product
lines -- the Tsunami™ QB-8100 point-to-
point (PtP) and the Tsunami™ MP-8100 point-
to-multipoint (PtMP).
•
• Exceeds the ITU requirements for 4G
throughput speeds
•
• High performance and very low latency over
long distances, eliminating expensive
recurring leased line charges
 JAPAN
•
• More than 10 million fiber-to-the-home
(FTTH) subscribers
•
• Alcatel-Lucent -Suo Cable deploying GPON-
the first commericial GPON deployment
in Japan
•
• Result in speeds around 2.5 GBPS
 INDIA
•

• Bharti Airtel and BSNL are looking to

switch over to GPON by the end of
2010
•
• Challenges :
•
• Cost associated with gaining
permission to build new ducts and
lay the fiber
•
• Gaining access to buildings - one that
could lead to high-speed broadband
 CHINA

• ZTE unveiled a WDM-PON prototype –

commercialization before the end of
2009
•

• CNC China selected the Gigabit PON (ITU-T

G.984.x) GPON Optimate platform from
FlexLight Networks, Inc
•
• Optimate - economical Gigabit PON (GPON)
solution- economical triple play
•
• Access over a single fiber access
 Future development of PON

• In Japan, the PON market is well established and

growing at a rate of 300% year to year
•
• By comparison DSL is growing 150% year to year in
the U.S.
•
• Top companies like Verizon, SBC and Bell South have
all announced some type of PON deployment
•
• The PON market in North America is just starting
to emerge
•
• Industry analysts expect an equally large take
rate by North American consumes
•