Communication

Variables in Health
Care

Luqman Effendi
Dept.of Public Health
FKK-UMJ
1. Empathy
 An attempt to feel with another
person, to understand the other’s
feeling from the other’s point of view
 The focus is on the client with the
problem
 Empathy is observing the world from
another person’s point of view
 Empathy is not sympathy
 Conceptual Framework of
Empathy

 A Rogerian framework
– Empathy involves cognitive, affective, and communication
components
 An interpersonal perception framework
– E is thought of as a perceptual process
– E is seen as a general ability that all people have in
varying degree
 A personality framework
– An empathic person is one who displays a relatively high
degree of understanding of another person
 A perceived empathy framework
– Perceived empathy is one individuals belief or feeling that
another individual perceives his or her perspective
accurately
 MESSAGE RECEIVER
SOURCE
CHANNEL

Interaction

Helper/Therapist Helpee/Client

Personality empathy Rogerian empathy Perceived empathy

Interpersonal perception empathy

FIGURE 1. Classification of kinds of empathy within the

framework of traditional Communication categories
Applications of
Empathy in Health
Care
 Client’s Perspective
– Empathy is important because illness is
confusing and frightening, and being
understood helps client’s cope with
these emotions
 Professional’s Perspective
– Empathy is essential because it helps
professionals to understand clients and
their problems, as well as to understand
other professionals and the themselves
Enam Langkah
Mengembangkan
Empati
 Mengasumsikan Perbedaan
 Mengenali Diri
 Menunda Diri
 Melakukan Imajinasi Terbimbing
 Membiarkan Pengalaman Empati
 Meneguhkan kembali Diri
Keuntungan dan
Kerugian Simpati
 Keuntungan
– Mudah
– Dapat dipercaya
– Seringkali cermat
– Mungkin menyenangkan
 Kerugian
– Tidak peka terhadap perbedaan
– Dalam menghadapi perbedaan bersifat
menggurui
– Berhadapan dengan perbedaan,
melahirkan sikap defensif
– Melestarikan asumsi kesamaan
2. CONTROL
 Personal Control
– The perception people have that they can
influence the way in which circumstances
affect their lives.
 Relational Control
– Refer to the perception individuals have
about how they are connected to others,
and it includes the degree to which they
feel able to influence the nature and
development of relationships.
Personal Control

Two fields of research

1. According Thompson (1981):
 Behavioral Control
 Cognitive Control
 Informational Control
 Retrospective Control
2. Locus of Control: internal and external
 Behavioral Control
The belief that can utilize one’s own behavior to alter the
probability, intensity or duration of threatening event
 Cognitive Control
The belief that one can development strategies that will
influence the circumstances that affects one’s life
 Informational Control
The belief that an individual can acquire knowledge about
external events that affect person’s situation
 Retrospective Control
The belief that a person can accept responsibility for
events in the past, thus mastering the situation after it has
happened
Relational Control
 Complementary Relationship
 Symmetrical Relationship
 Parallel Relationship
Complementary
Relationship
 Keuntungan:
– Stable
– Efficient
– Predictable
 Kerugian:
– Repressive because inhibit the
independence and creativity of the
subordinate member relationship
Symmetrical
Relationship
 Keuntungan:
– More equal
– The promote mutual sharing of thoughts and
feelings
– Both interactants are free to express their
own values
 Kerugian:
– Inefficient and may promote needles
competition
– These discussions often create conflict
Parallel Relationship
 The ideal in many way
 Individuals share control equally in
same areas and distribute control to
one another in other areas
 Parallel relationships do function
efficiently and fairly
 Allowing persons to share control
with minimal conflict.
3. TRUST
 Trust is defined as an individual’s
expectations that he or she can rely
on the communication behaviors of
others
 Trust gives relationships a special,
unique, positive quality that sets
them apart from other relationships.
Conceptual Framework
of TRUST
 Game Theory
 Credibility Research
 Interpersonal Trust Research
Game Theory
 Trust is the reliance that one
individual place on another in a risky
situation in which the individual has a
lot to lose
 Game theory is useful because it
provides researchers an easy method
for establishing a variety of conditions
under which trusting behavior can be
observed
Credibility Research
 Aristotle’s Rhetoric: intellegence,
character, and good will
 Trustworthy persons as being
very benevolent, candid,
respectful, considerate, faithful
and reliable
Interpersonal
Research
 General Trust (the trust an
individual has of other people in
global sense)
 Specific Trust (the trust an
individual has of a particular
person in a relationship)
 Categories for Communication
behaviors that produce trust
and distrust
Defensive Climates Supportive Climates
 Evaluation  Description

 Control  Problem
Orientation
 Strategy
 Spontaneity
 Neutrality
 Empathy
 Superiority
 Equality
 Certainty
 Provisionalism
 Self-Disclosure/
Keterbukaan
 Merupakan hal yang sangat penting
dalam membangun hubungan
interpersonal
 Tingkat keterbukaan yang sangat
tinggi dan sangat rendah
menyebabkan keterbukaan didalam
setiap individu menjadi tidak sehat
 Keterbukaan secara spesifik
merupakan komunikasi
kebersamaan
 High

Moderate
adjustment
Personality

Low

Low Moderate High

Levels of self-disclosure

FIGURE 2. A positive relationship between self-disclosure and personality

adjustment
 High
Personality adjustment

Moderate

Low

Low Moderate High

Levels of self-disclosure

FIGURE 3. A curvilinear relationship between self-disclosure and personality

adjustment
 Conceptual framework
 Keuntungan dari keterbukaan sangat
berguna bagi mereka untuk menemukan
arti dan arah kehidupan mereka
 Melalui proses berbagi setiap individu
dapat menemukan jati dirinya dalam
berhubungan dengan yang lain
 Keterbukaan terbagi atas 5 aspek:
1. Intensitas keterbukaan
2. Kuantitas keterbukaan
3. Reaksi Keterbukaan
4. Kejujuran
5. Tingkat kedalaman
 CONFIRMATION
 Confirmation occurs when
individuals respond to other in ways
that indicate to others that are
acknowledge and understood.
 Confirmation is a means of
communicating that focuses on the
way individuals experience the
world and ascribe meaning to
events
Conceptual framework of
Confirmation
 Two major factors that described the
communication responses emerged
from her analysis:
1. Identified as confirming responses, included
items labeled direct responses, agreement,
clarification, supportive responses, and
expression of positive feelings.
2. Identified as disconfirming responses,
included imperviousness, interruption,
irrelevant responses, tangential responses,
and unclear responses