Important

source of
energy
Consist of the
elements
carbon,
hydrogen, and
oxygen

Three types of
carbohydrates :
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides are monomers of carbohydrates which are simplest
type of carbohydrates




Long chain monosaccharides can combine with protein and lipid to form
glycoproteins and glycolipids
Example of monosaccharides




Monosaccharides are reducing sugars and can act as reducing sugar


















Simple
sugar
Glucose , fructose
and glactose
Glucose found in food and plant



Frutose found in sweet fruit and honey



Glactose found in milk








Is also known as
double sugar or
complex sugar

Consists of two
monosaccharides
joined together
through
condensation
Example :
-maltose(malt sugar)
-sucrose(cane sugar)
-lactose(milk sugar(
Maltose+water
Glucose+fructose sucrose+water
Glucose+galactose lactose+water
Each of the
condensation
reactions involves
the removal of one
water molecule.
All
disaccharides
taste sweet
and are
water soluble
Glucose + glucose
Disaccharides can be broken down to their costituent monosaccharides through hydolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking up of large molecules by adding water
to them
Maltose + water= glucose + glucose
Sucrose + water = glucose + fructose
Lactose + water = glucose + galactose
Made out of glucose and fructose
Found in sugar cane stems,sweet fruits and certain storage roots
such as carrots
It is a coarse sugar used as a sweetner in beverages and in cooking
Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars,while sucrose is non-reducing sugar
When sucrose is heated with benedict solution,the blue colour of the
solution remains unchanged
Sucrose is hydolysed into units of glucose and fructose when boiled with
dilute acid(hydrolysis)
A brick red precipitate is formed when the hydrolysed solution is tested with
benedict solution.


Is made out of glucose and galactose
Is present in the milk of mammals,including human milk
Is made out of two glucose molecules
Is product of the partial digestion of starch
Is also an ingredient used in the brewing of beer
hundreds of
monosaccharides
that are combined
through
condensation
are polymers
formed by the
condensation
of glucose
monomers
are insoluble in
water due to
their large
molecular size
They do not
taste sweet
and do not
crystallise
Example of
polysaccharides:starch,
glycogen,cellulose
The polysccharide chain in glycogen are highly branched
Cell wall of plants are made of cellulose another form of polysaccharide
Polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller molecules through hydrolysis by adding diluted acid
or through enzymatic reaction

Polysaccharides + water=
monosaccharides
found in plants such as wheat,rice,potatoes,bread
and corn.
is the main carbohydrate reserve in plants
is the main reserve of carbohydrates in animals
and yeast.
Humans and animals store glycogen mainly in liver
and muscle cells.