CAMBRIDGE IGCSE

BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: CLASSIFICATION
1.1 ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE SEVEN
CHARACTERISTICS
Biology is the study of living things.
Living organisms have seven
characteristics which make them different
from non-living things.



1.1 ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE SEVEN
CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics
of living things
Movement
- An action by an
organism or part of
an organism
causing a change
of position or place
Nutrition
- The taking in
of nutrients for
growth and
tissue repair
Reproduction
- The processes
that make more
of the same kind
of organism
Respiration
- The chemical
reactions that break
down glucose in
living cells to
release energy
Sensitivity
- The ability to
detect changes in
the environment
(stimuli) and
response to them
Excretion
- The removal of
toxic materials,
waste products of
metabolism and
excess substances
from the body
Growth
- A permanent
increase in size
and dry mass by
an increase in
number of cells or
size of cells
1.2 CLASSIFICATION INVOLVES GROUPING THINGS
Classification means putting things into
groups.
The main reason of classifying living things is
to make it easier to study them. For example,
we put humans and dogs into one group
(the mammals) because they share certain
certain characteristics (having hair) that are
not found in other groups.



1.3 BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS
The first person to try to classify living things
in a scientific way was a Swedish naturalist
Carl Linnaeus.
Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of
classification in 1735. He divided all kinds of
living things into groups called species.


1.3 BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Hierarchy system of classification
1.3 BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS
Equus caballus (horse)
Equus burchelli (zebra)
Canis familiaris (dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Canis mesomelas (jackal)
1.3 BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS
Dog-like
mammals

Canis familiaris
Canis lupus
Canis mesomelas

Horse-like
mammals
Equus caballus
Equus burchelli
Mammals
1.4 EACH SPECIES HAS A BINOMIAL
Carl Linnaeus gave every living organisms
two names, written in Latin. This two-word
name is called binomial.
The first name is the genus name and
begins with a capital letter. The second
name is the species name and begins with
a small letter.
A wolf belongs to the genus Canis and the
species lupus. Its binomial is Canis lupus.

1.5 ORGANISMS ARE DIVIDED INTO FIVE KINGDOMS
All living things are placed in one of five
kingdoms. Each of these kingdoms has its
own set of characteristics.
Kingdom
Protoctists
Fungi
Plants Animals
Prokaryotes
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
One of the best ways to tell if an organism is
an animal is to look at its cells under the
microscope. Animal cells do not have cell
walls.
There is a very large number of different
types of animals, classified into many
different phyla.


1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Kingdom: Animals
Phylum: Arthropods
Phylum: Vertebrates
Class:
Crustaceans
Class:
Myriapods
Class:
Insects
Class:
Arachnids
Phylum:
Nematodes
Phylum:
Annelids
Phylum:
Molluscs
Class:
Fish
Class:
Reptiles
Class:
Amphibians
Class:
Birds
Class:
Mammals
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Phylum: Vertebrates (animals with backbones)
Class: Fish



Vertebrates
with scaly
skin
Have gills
Have fins


Class: Amphibians
Vertebrates with
moist, scale-less
skin
Eggs laid in
water, larva
(tadpole) lives in
water
Adult often lives
on land
Larva has gills,
adult has lungs

Class: Reptiles

Vertebrates
with scaly
skin
Lay eggs
with
rubbery
shells

Class: Birds
Vertebrates
with feathers
Forelimbs have
become wings
Lay eggs with
hard shells
Homeothermic
Have a beak


Class: Mammals


Vertebrates with hair
Have a placenta
Young feed on milk
from mammary
glands
Homeothermic
Have a diaphragm
Heart have four
chambers
Have different types
of teeth (incisors,
canines, premolars
and molars)
Cerebral hemispheres
are well developed



1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Fish
Caudal fin
Streamlined body
covered in scales
Pelvic fin
Anal fin
Pectoral fin
Operculum
covering gills
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Frog
Thin, moist skin
Eardrum
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Snake
Scaly skin
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Bird
Body covered with feathers
Beak
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Ocelot
Body covered with hair
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Phylum: Arthropods (invertebrates with jointed legs and exoskeleton)
Class: Crustacean
Arthropods
with more than
four pairs of
jointed legs
Breathe through
gills




Class: Arachnids
Arthropods with four
pairs of jointed
legs
Breathe through
gills called
book lungs

Class: Insects
Arthropods
with three pairs
of jointed legs
Two pairs of
wings (one or
both may be
vestigial)
Breathe through
tracheae














Class: Myriapods
(centipedes and
millipedes)
Body consists of
many segments
Each segment
has jointed legs


1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Crab
Eye
Exoskeleton containing
calcium salts
Jointed leg
Claw
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Spider
Cephalothorax
Pedipalp
Abdomen
Eye
4 pairs of jointed legs
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Locust
Abdomen
Jointed leg
Antenna
Wing
Head
Thorax
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Centipede
Long, thin segmented body
Jointed legs on each segment
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA


Phylum: Annelids
(worms with segmented
bodies but no legs)



Animals with bodies
made up of ring-like
segments








Phylum: Nematodes
(worms with
unsegmented bodies)



Animals with long,
thin, unsegmented
bodies








Phylum: Molluscs
(invertebrates with
unsegmented bodies
and may have a shell)



Animals with soft,
unsegmented bodies
May have a shell









1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Earthworm
Position of anus
Position of mouth
Clitellum
Segmented body
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Snail Squid
Coiled shell
Soft, unsegmented body
Soft, unsegmented
body with internal shell
Eye
Eye
1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA
Nematode
1.7 FLOWERING PLANTS MAY BE MONOCOTS OR
DICOTS
Plants are organisms that have cells with
cell walls made of cellulose.
Plants can be classified into two big groups:
flowering plants and non-flowering
plants.
Flowering plants can be classified into
monocotyledonous plants (monocots)
and dicotyledonous plants (dicots).


1.7 FLOWERING PLANTS MAY BE MONOCOTS OR
DICOTS
Characteristics of monocots and dicots
1.8 VIRUSES ARE NOT TRUE LIVING THINGS
Viruses cause common diseases such as
colds and influenza, and also more serious
ones such as AIDS.
Viruses are not considered to be alive.
Viruses can only reproduce when they
enter a living cell.

1.8 VIRUSES ARE NOT TRUE LIVING THINGS
Viruses take over the host cell machinery
to make multiple copies of themselves.
These new viruses burst out of the cell
and invade other cells. This process is
repeated.

1.8 VIRUSES ARE NOT TRUE LIVING THINGS
An influenza virus
1.9 BACTERIA HAVE CELLS WITHOUT NUCLEI
Bacteria are single-celled organisms
whose cells do not have nuclei.
Some bacteria are harmful to us and cause
diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and
cholera. However, many bacteria are
helpful.
1.9 BACTERIA HAVE CELLS WITHOUT NUCLEI
Uses of
bacteria
Making of yogurt
and cheese
Treatment of
sewage
Making insulin
1.9 BACTERIA HAVE CELLS WITHOUT NUCLEI
Kingdom: Bacteria


Unicellular
Have no nucleus
Have cell walls








Bacteria
1.10 FUNGI DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPHYLL
For a very long time, fungi were classified
as plants. However, now they belong in
their own kingdom.
Some fungi causes food decay, while a
few cause diseases, including ringworm
and athletes foot. However, like bacteria,
fungi have many different uses.
1.10 FUNGI DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPHYLL
Uses of fungi
Eaten as
mushrooms
Making alcohol and
bread
Antibiotics
1.10 FUNGI DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPHYLL
Kingdom: Fungi


Unicellular (yeasts)
or multicellular
(moulds and
mushrooms)
Have nucleus
Have cell walls








feeding hyphae
sporangium
containing
spores
spores
stolon
sporangiophore
Fungi
1.11 KEYS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY UNKNOWN
ORGANISMS
A dichotomous key is a set of paired
contrasting descriptions which lead you
through to the identification of an
unknown organism.
Dichotomous means branching into two
and refers to the two descriptions to
choose from at each step.
1.11 KEYS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY UNKNOWN
ORGANISMS
Example of using a dichotomous key

A
D
C
B
F
E
1.11 KEYS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY UNKNOWN
ORGANISMS

Step 1
Pick one animal you are
going to identify. Lets say
you choose organism A.
Step 2
Decide which description
in step 1 matches the
organism. It has no
jointed limbs, so go to
step 5.
Step 3
Decide which description
in step 5 matches the
organism. It has a body of
many segments of similar
sizes, so A is an
earthworm.
Step Descriptions Next step/
Identity
1 Jointed limbs 2
No jointed limbs 5
2 More than 5 pairs of
jointed limbs
Centipede
5 or fewer pairs of jointed
limbs
3
3 First pair of limbs form
large claws
Crab
No large claws 4
4 3 pairs of limb Locust
4 pairs of limbs Spider
5 Body of many segments of
similar sizes
Earthworm
Unsegmented body with a
shell
Snail