CHAPTER 3

MOVEMENTS THAT HELPED SHAPE

MODERN EDUCATIONAL THOUGHTS
AND IDEALS

1. Humanism
2. Reformation
3. Counter-reformation
4. Realism
5. Disciplinism


6. Rationalism
7. Naturalism
8. Psychological tendency in
education
9. Sociological movement in
education

Offshoots of movements in the past:
Humanism derived from studia humanitatis which
means study of humanity.
- started in the early part in the 14
th

century during the Renaissance, when there was a
revived interest in the importance of a person
his/her faculties, affairs and well-being.
Renaissance reaction to the worlwideliness that
prevailed during the medieval times.
Renaissance Humanists aimed for the development
of the intellectual, spiritual, and physical capacities of
education through education.
THE HUMANISTIC TRADITION IN ITALY
Individualistic humanism type of humanism which
prevailed in Italy around 1333 and lasted for about a
century.
Popular Humanists:
Dante Alighieri author of the Divine Comedy
Patrach prolific writer and progressive thinker
Vittorino Da Feltre a scholar and educator
- he administered Casa Giocosa (Happy House) a
school founded by the Prince of Mantua.

THE HUMANISTIC TRADITION IN
NORTHERN EUROPE
Hieronymians (Brethren of the Common Life) an
organization of pious and socially minded men who
facilitate the spread of the humanistic spirit in
Northern Europe.
- the group aimed at combating ignorance, especially of
the lower class, by instruction in the Scriptures.
- the Educational system was based on Democratic
principles or in other words, Social Humanism meant
education for all.
Popular Humanists

1. Desiderius Erasmus (1467-1536) from
Rotterdam in Netherlands.
- became a teacher in Greek and Latin at
Cambridge University, and also in universities in
Italy, France, and Germany.
- published the New Testament in Greek and later
translating it into Latin.
- known for his Educational
works Liberal Education of
Children and On the Order
of Study.

2. Johann Sturm (1507-1589) from Strassburg in
Germany.
- founder of the Gymnasium, a school attended by a
large number of students, mostly from the noble
families.

3. Roger Ascham (1515-1568) English humanist from
England.
- was a professor of Greek in Cambridge University and
a private tutor of Queen Elizabeth.
- wrote the book The
Schoolmaster which was published
in 1571 after his death.

Ciceronianism considered as humanistic
education at its worst.
- argued that the aim of education was to impart
in the student a perfect Latin style.
- refers to the system of speaking or writing.

Ciceronians maintained that all schoolwork
should be confined to the study of the writings
of Cicero.
REFORMATION
The Catholic Church held so much power during
the medieval times and even until the 16
th

century in Europe that even the Kings of
Catholic countries came under the influence
and control of the pope.
Bonafice VII during his reign, the Catholic
Church institutionalized the sale of indulgences.

Indulgence is defined by Rev. Charles Hart in
the Students Catholic Doctrine as the
remission of a sin through temporal punishment
or a penance.

At the height of corruption in the church, some
priests stopped prescribing penance but instead
required their parishioners to pay an amount of
money corresponding to the gravity of the sin, in
the process paying for the indulgence of the sin.
UTHER S EFORMATION
Martin Luther (1483-1546) faithful German priest and
biblical scholar.


-a former Law student at Erfurt university and a professor of
Philosophy at the University of Wittenberg in Germany.

-opposed the payment of indulgences, among other abuses
the church leaders.
- on October 31, 1517, he nailed to the doorpost of the
All Saints Church in Wittenberg a copy of his work
Ninety five Theses where he attacked ecclesiastical
abuses and listed all that he found wrong with the Church
of Wrong.



Pope Leo X ordered Luthers excommunication
from the Church. Even Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V summoned Luther before the
Imperial Diet of Worms for him to recant his
position, but this was a futile act.