G-LII 100 GSM Fundamentals-20060628-A-4.0

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.
www.huawei.com
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OMA000001
GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 4.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
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Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency
spectrum, frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the
protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and
understand the idea of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE
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Page 3
References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual
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Page 4
Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Page 5
GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular
system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier
frequency and a time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of
low-power radios spread out over the geographical service
area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located
near them. The area served by each group of radios is
called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned
different frequencies, this kind of technique is called
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called
slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of
technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
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Page 6
GSM Development
Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
System was named as Global System for Mobile
Communication
GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
Provide services for the whole world
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
1989
1991
1992
1994
1996
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Page 7
Cell Technique
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers
that connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS
covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only
provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with
high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to
improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity
of the network.
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
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Page 8
Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers
to use the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access
Technique : FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA
together).

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Page 9
FDMA
FDMA uses different
frequency channels to
accomplish communication.
The whole frequency
spectrum available is
divided into many individual
channels (for transmitting
and receiving)every
channel can support the
traffic for one subscriber or
some control information.

Frequency
Time
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Page 10
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes
the communication in
different timeslot.
A carrier is divided into
channels based on
time. Different signals
occupy different
timeslots in certain
sequence , that is ,
many signals are
transmitted on the
same frequency in
different time.
Time
Frequency
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Page 11
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes
the communication in
different code
sequences.
Special coding is
adopted before
transmission, then
different information
will lose nothing after
being mixed and
transmitted together
on the same
frequency and at the
same time.
Time
Frequency
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Page 12
GSM 900
Duplex Separation: 45MHz
Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
The Frequency Spectrum

Uplink

890 915 935 960MHz
Downlink
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Page 13
Duplex Separation: 95MHz
Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
Base Station Receive

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Base Station Transmit
DCS 1800
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Page 14
Frequency
Spectrum
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency
Frequency
Point
Available
Downlink
Frequency
GSM 450
450.4~457.6
460.4~467.6
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 480
478.8~486
488.8~496
Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 850
824~849
869~894
Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
E-GSM 900
880~915
925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124
975<=n<=1023
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
R-GSM 900
876~915
921~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124
955<=n<=1023
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
PCS 1900
1850~1910
1930~1990
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512)

512<=n<=810

Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
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Page 15
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very
limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same
frequency in different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.

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Page 16
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Page 17
4 site X 3 cells reuse
1
8
9
2
10
4
6
5
3
7
11
12
R
Frequency Reuse
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Page 18
Cell Types
Omni
1
120
degree
1
2
3
Omni-directional Cell
120 Degree Cell
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Page 20
GSM-GPRS Network Component
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
PCU

SS7
SMS system
PSTN
ISDN
Internet,
Intranet
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG
BG
GGSN
GPRS Backbone
Other PLMN
MS
MS
OMC
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Page 21
Interface Between Different Entities
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
PCU

SS7
SMS system
PSTN
ISDN
Internet,
Intranet
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG
BG
GGSN
GPRS backbone
Other PLMN
A
Gb
Gi
Gp
C/D/Gs
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge
Gc
Ga
Abis
Um
MS
MS
OMC
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Page 22
Mobile StationMS
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
Mobile Equipment
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Subscriber Identity Module
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Page 23
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
SIM
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Page 24
BTS
BSC
TC/SM
BSS
MSC
Base Station Subsystem BSS
The Base Station
Controller BSC
The Base Transceiver
Station BTS
The Trans-coder TC and
Sub multiplexer (SM)

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Page 25
BTS
BSC
TC/SM
BSS
MSC
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
Packet data
switching
Bridge
between
SGSN and
BSC
Provide Pb
and Gb
interface
GPRS
Backbone
PCU
SGSN
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Page 26
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC
Home Location Register HLR
Visitor Location Register VLR
Equipment Identity Register EIR
Authentication Center AUC
Echo Cancellor EC
AUC
HLR
MSC/VLR
PSTN
NSS
EIR OMC
BSS
EC
The Network Switching System
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Page 27
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
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Page 28
Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality
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Page 29
Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number
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Page 30
IMEI is Checked In White List
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the equipment ,
not the subscriber!!
Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List
Black List
Grey List
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Page 31
OMC Functional Architecture
OS
MMI
DB
Event/Alarm
Management
Security
Management
Configuration
Management
Performance
Management
Fault
Management
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Page 33
Service Area

PLMN service area
......
Service Area

MSC service area...
Location area...
cell
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area...
Location area...
cell
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Page 34
LAI
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
MCC
MNC LAC
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Page 35
CGI
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
CGI: Cell Global Identification
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Page 36
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It
allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!
NCC BCC
BSIC
BSICBase Station Identification Color Code)
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Page 37
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China
Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
MSISDN
CC
NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
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Page 38
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber IdentificationMNC and MSIN form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
IMSI
MCC MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
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Page 39
TMSI
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and
notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile
subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and
determined by the operator.
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
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Page 40
IMEI
TAC FAC SNR
SP
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center
FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.
SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
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Page 42
2 3 0 1 6 7 4 5 2 3
The physical channel is the medium over which the information
is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
0 1
TDMA
FRAME
Timeslot
The information carried in one time
slot is called a burst
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The logical channel consists of the information carried over the
physical channels
TDMA
FRAME
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Page 43
Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :
Transmits traffic information, include data and
speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :
Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.
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Page 44
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech
TCH/FS
Data
TCH/HS
TCH/9.6
TCH/2.4
TCH/4.8
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
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Page 45
FCCH
SCH
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH
SDCCH
BCH
BCCH
Synch. CH.
ACCH
SACCH
FACCH
CCCH
RACH
CBCH
PCH/AGCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
Associated Control Channel ACCH
Control Channel (CCH)
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Page 46
CCH

BCH

BCCH
Synch.
Channels
SCH FCCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel
SCH: Synchronization Channel
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
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Page 47
CCH
CCCH
RACH
uplink
CBCH
downlink
PCH/AGCH
downlink
The CCCH is responsible for
transferring control information
between all mobiles and the network.
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel
Common Control Channel CCCH
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Page 48
CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH SACCH
DCCH is assigned to a single wireless
connection for measurement and
handover purpose.
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
ACCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
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Page 49
RACH CCCH
CCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
DCH
Uplink Logical channel
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Page 50
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
BCCH
CCCH
CCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
DCH
Downlink Logical channel
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Page 51
Allocate signaling channel
FCCH
SCH
BCCH

PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
TCH
FACCH
Power-off
Idle mode
Dedicated mode
Idle mode
How to use these channels?
Search for frequency correction burst
Search for synchronous burst
Extract system information
Monitor paging message
Send access burst
Set up the call
Allocate voice channel
Conversation
Release the call
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Page 52
Packet data channel (PDCH)
Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel

Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel

Packet control channel
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH

TCH
BCCH
SACCH
Packet logic channel
CCCH
TCH
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Page 53
GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H

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Page 54
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three
modes

Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH

In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same
BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is
needed in the cell

With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured
in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted
Combination of packet logic channel
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Page 55
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 4 3 46 47 48 50 49
51 Frame Multi-frames
0 1 1 0
CONTROL
CHANNELS
2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 5 7 6 4
GSM Multi-frames
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Page 56
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 4 3 21 22 23 25 24
26 Frame Multi-frames
0 1 1 0
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS
2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 5 7 6 4
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The following
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Page 57
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The following
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Page 58
Power Control
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
0.8W
5W
Both Uplink and Downlink power
settings can be controlled independently
and individually.
BCCH -------
Does not attend Power control
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The following
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Page 59
DTX and VAD
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
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Page 60
Timing Advance (TA)
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
TA
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
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Page 61
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
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Page 62
Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio.

The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low enough
correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas
experience fades at the same time.

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Page 63
Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
t
f
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Page 64
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f 0
Frame
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Time
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The following
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Page 65
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The following
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Page 66
57.6 kbps

115 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
IMT-2000
9.6 kbps
2G
2.5G
3G
GSM Development Evolution
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Page 67
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
8PSK
GMSK
9.0
13.4
15.6
21.4
8.8
11.2
14.8
17.6
22.4
29.6
44.8
54.4
59.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
Kbps
GPRS
EGPRS
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Page 68
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
Huawei EDGE Test Result
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Page 69
The basic idea of GSM
The frequency spectrum used in
GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in
GSM
Evolution of GSM
Summary
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