Physical and Mechanical

Properties and its

application in
orthodontics
Prepared by
Dr.Hardik Lalakiya
Guided by
Dr.Ajay Kubavat
Dr.Chintan
Agrawal
Dr.Ketan Mashru
Dr.Bhavik Patel
Dr.Manish Desai
Dr.ishal Patel
Depart!ent "# $rth"d"nti%s
and Dent"#a%ial $rth"paedi%s
$&'L()*

(ntr"du%ti"n

Crystal stru%ture
and its
arrange!ent

Prin%ipal !etal
stru%tures and its
arrange!ent

Classi+%ati"n

,tress and its

types

,train

'rue ,tress strain

%urve

P"iss"n-s rati"

Me%hani%al
pr"perties based
"n elasti%
de#"r!ati"n

'"ughness

(!pa%t strength

Pr"p"rti"nal li!it

*lasti% li!it

.ield strength

Per!anent Plasti%
de#"r!ati"n

,train hardening

,trength and its

types

/atigue

,tati% #atigue

Brittleness

Du%tility

Malleability

Physi%al Pr"perties

Abrasi"n and
abrasi"n resistan%e.

Hardness

is%"sity

Creep and 0"w

C"l"r and %"l"r

per%epti"n

Be1"ld bru%ke e2e%t

Me%hani%al pr"perties are de+ned

by the laws "# !e%hani%s that is the
physi%al s%ien%e that deals with the
energy and #"r%es and their e2e%ts "n
b"dies the dis%ussi"n %enters pri!arily
"n the stati% b"dies 3th"se at rest4
rather than "n dyna!i% b"dies.

Many #a%t"rs !ust be taken int"

a%%"unt when %"nsidering whi%h
pr"perties are relevant t" the
su%%ess#ul per#"r!an%e "# the !aterial
used in dentistry
'he Plant"ni% ,"lids
C&B* D$D*CAH*D5$) (C$,AH*D5$)
$C'AH*D5$) '*'5AH*D5$)
http://home.teleport.com/~tpgettys/platonic.shtml

Atomic arrangements in crystalline

solids can be described with respect to
a network of lines in three dimensions.

The intersections of the lines are called

lattice sites (or lattice points). Each
lattice site has the same environment
in the same direction.

A particular arrangement of atoms

in a crystal structure can be
described by specifying the atom
positions in a repeating
unit cell.
14 ravais lattices
Prin%ipal !etal %rystal stru%tures

There are three principle crystal

structures for metals:

3!a" ody#centered cubic !$$"

3!b" %ace#centered cubic !%$$"

3!c" &e'agonal close#pac(ed !&$)"

Prin%ipal stru%tures
B"dy %entered %ubi% 6BCC7
6BCC7
/a%e %entered %ubi% 6/CC7
6/CC7
He8ag"nal %l"sed pa%ked 6HCP7
6HCP7
Classi+%ati"n
*e+nition:
9hen a #"r%e a%ts "n a
b"dy tending t" pr"du%e de#"r!ati"n
. A resistan%e is devel"ped t" this
e8ternal #"r%e appli%ati"n. 'he
()'*5)AL rea%ti"n is e:ual in
intensity and "pp"site in dire%ti"n t"
the applied e8ternal #"r%e and is
%alled stress.

,tress ; /"r%e<Area
,'5*,,

C"!!"nly e8pressed as Pas%al =Pa ;

=)<!
>. (t is %"!!"n t" rep"rt stress in units "# Megapas%als 6MPa7
where = MPa ; =?@ Pa.

'.P*, $/ ,'5*,, A4 'ensile

C"!pressive
,hear
(n english syste! "# !easure!ent Bthe stress is usually e8pressed in
p"unds per s:uare in%h.
C 'ypes "# stress
'ensile
C"!pressive ,tress
,hear stress
'ensile ,tress

A tensile ,tress is %aused by a l"ad

that tends t" stret%h "r el"ngate a b"dy
.

#"r eg stress devel"ped "n the gingival

side "# C unit bridge bridge
C"!pressive stress

(# a b"dy is pla%ed under a l"ad that

tends t" %"!press "r sh"rten itBthe
internal resistan%e t" su%h a l"ad is
%alled %"!pressive stress.
,hear stress

A stress that tends t" resist a twisting

!"ti"n "r sliding "# "ne p"rti"n "# a
b"dy "ver an"ther is shearing stress

/"r eg (# a #"r%e is applied al"ng the

sur#a%e "# t""th ena!el by a sharp
edged instru!ent parallel t" the
inter#a%e between the ena!el and an
"rth"d"nti% bra%ket !ay deb"nd by
shear stress #ailure "# the resin luting
%e!ent
C"!ple8 stress

C"!ple8 stress th"se pr"du%ed by

applied #"r%es that %ause 0e8ural "r
t"rsi"nal de#"r!ati"n are %alled
0e8ural stress

M"re than tw"

'hey are als" %alled as

bending stress.
,'5A()
o
A #"r%e is applied t" a b"dy it underg"es
de#"r!ati"n.
o
,train is des%ribed as the %hange in length 6 L
; L 3 L$7 per unit length "# the b"dy when it is
subje%ted t" a stress.

,train ! " - Change in length ; L 3 L" ;
L
$riginal length L" L"

,train has n" units "# !easure!ent.
(t is a Dimensionless quantity.
5ep"rted as an abs"lute value "r as a
per%entage.
/a%ts

'he Average !a8 sustainable biting

#"r%e is EF@) 6=E? p"unds7 "r 6EEkgs7

'he Guiness B""k $# 9"rld re%"rds

6=GGH7 lists the highest biting
force as 4337N (975 pounds).

*a%h type "# stress is %apable "# pr"du%ing

a %"rresp"nding de#"r!ati"n in a b"dy.

'ensile stress pr"du%es tensile strain.

C"!pressive stress pr"du%es %"!pressive

strain.

,hear stress pr"du%es shear strain.

,tress strain %urve

5epresents energy st"rage %apa%ity "#

the wire s" deter!ines a!"unt "# w"rk
e8pe%ted #r"! a parti%ular spring in
!"ving a t""th.
'rue stress strain %urve

A stress strain %urve based "n stresses

%al%ulated #r"! a )"n C"nstant Cr"ss
se%ti"nal area is %alled a true stress
strain Curve.

A true4stress strain %urve !ay be :uite

di2erent #r"! an engineering stress4
strain %urve at high l"ads be%ause
signi+%ant %hanges in the area "#
spe%i!en !ay "%%ur.
,'5*,, ,'5A() C&5*
Me%hani%al Pr"perties Based $n
*lasti% de#"r!ati"n

*lasti% M"dulus

,hear M"dulus

/le8ibility

5esilien%e

P"iss"n-s rati".
*lasti% !"dulus
6y"ung-s !"dulus "r *lasti%ity7

'he ter! elasti% !"dules des%ribes the

relative ,'(//)*,, "r 5(G(D('. "# a !aterial
whi%h is !easured by the elasti% regi"n "#
stress 3 strain diagra!.

(t is den"ted by letter *
o
Deter!ined #r"! stress stain %urve by
%al%ulating rati" "# stress t" strain "r sl"pe
"# linear p"rti"n "# %urve.
,tress @

*lasti% M"dulus ; ;
,train
,tress strain %urve

M"dulus "# elasti%ity is independent "#

the du%tility "# a !aterial and it is n"t a
!easure "# its strength.

(t is an inherent pr"perty "# a !aterial

and %ann"t be altered appre%iably by
heat treat!entB w"rk hardening "r any
"ther kind "# %"nditi"ning. 'his pr"perty
is %alled
,'5&C'&5AL (),*),('(('..

'he lastic modulus "# a tensile test spe%i!en

%an be calculated as #"ll"ws where

* is elasti% !"dulus

P is the applied #"r%e "r l"ad

A is the %r"ss se%ti"nal area "# !aterial under

stress

Il is the in%rease in length

L" is the "riginal length

/le8ibility

'he !a8i!u! 0e8ibility is de+ned as the

strain that "%%urs when the !aterial is
stressed t" its pr"p"rti"nal li!it.

/"r e8a!ple in an "rth"d"nti% applian%eB a

spring is "#ten bent a %"nsiderable distan%e
with a s!all stress resulting in su%h a %ase
stru%ture is said t" be 0e8ible.
5esilien%e

P"pularly the ter! 5esilien%e is

ass"%iated with !springiness".

De+niti"nA (t is de+ned as the a!"unt

"# energy abs"rbed by a stru%ture when
it is stressed t" its pr"p"rti"nal li!it.

Area b"unded by the elasti% regi"n is

!easure "# 5esilien%e.
P"iss"n-s rati"

Any !aterial when subje%ted t" a tensile

"r %"!pressive stressB there is
si!ultane"us a8ial and lateral strain.

9ithin elasti% range the rati" "# lateral t"

a8ial strain is kn"wn as p"iss"n-s rati".

Dental !aterials have p"iss"n-s rati" in

the range "# ?.C t" ?.F.
'$&GH)*,,

(t is de+ned as energy re:uired t" #ra%ture a

!aterial.

(t is !easured as a t"tal area under stress strain

%urve.

'"ughness "# the !aterial is dependent "n the

du%tility and !alleability "# the !aterial than
up"n the 0e8ibility "r elasti% !"dulus.
C"nventi"nal 'ensile ,tress ,train
Curve
(MPAC' ,'5*)G'H

(MPAC'A

(t is the rea%ti"n "# a stati"nary "bje%t t" a

%"llisi"n with a !"ving "bje%t. Depending "n the
resilien%e "# the "bje%t B energy is st"red in the
b"dy with"ut %ausing de#"r!ati"n "r with
de#"r!ati"n.

(!pa%t resistan%e de%reases with in%rease in

sti2ness.

5esilient !aterial have high i!pa%t strength.

(n%rease in v"lu!e leads t" in%rease in i!pa%t
resistan%e.
(!pa%t ,trength
6%"ntinue7..

(t is the energy re:uired t" #ra%ture a

!aterial under #"r%e.

A %harpey type
tester is used. (t has a heavy
pendulu! whi%h swings d"wn t"
#ra%ture the spe%i!en.

An"ther instru!ent %alled (1"d

i!pa%t tester %an
als" be used.
,trength pr"perties

,trength is the stress ne%essary t" %ause either

#ra%ture6ulti!ate strength7 "r a spe%i+ed
a!"unt "# plasti% de#"r!ati"n6yields strength7.

'he strength "# a !aterial %an be des%ribed by

Pr"p"rti"nal li!it

*lasti% strain

.ield strength

&lti!ate tensile strengthB shear

B%"!pressive and 0e8ural strength.
Pr"p"rti"nal li!it 6PL7

(t is de+ned as the greatest stress that a

!aterial will sustain with"ut a deviati"n
#r"! the linear pr"p"rti"nality "# stress t"
strain.
&oo(e.s /aw :# ,tates that stress 3 strain
rati" is %"nstant upt" the pr"p"rti"nal
li!itB the %"nstant in this linear stress4
strain relati"nship is M"dulus "#
*lasti%ity.

Bel"w PL n" per!anent de#"r!ati"n

"%%urs in a stru%ture.

5egi"n "# stress stain Curve.

Bel"w PL 3 ELASTIC REI!"
Ab"ve PL 3 #LASTIC REI!"
*lasti% li!it 6*L7
*e+nition: (t is de+ned as !a8i!u!
stress that a !aterial %an withstand
be#"re it underg"es per!anent
de#"r!ati"n.

/"r all pra%ti%al purp"ses PL and *L

represent sa!e stress. But they
di2er in #unda!ental %"n%ept A4

PLdeals with pr"p"rti"nality "# strain t"

stress in stru%ture.

*Ldes%ribe elasti% behavi"r "# the

!aterial.

*L J PL li!its are usually assu!ed t" be

identi%al alth"ugh their e8peri!ental
values !ay di2er slightly.
.ield ,trength
6yield stress "r pr""# stress7

(t is de+ned as the stress at whi%h a

!aterial e8hibits a spe%i+ed li!iting
deviati"n #r"! pr"p"rti"nality "# stress t"
strain.

A!"unt "# per!anent strain is arbitrarily

sele%ted #"r !aterial being e8a!ined and
!ay be indi%ated as ?.=KB ?.>K "r ?.FK
6?.??=B ?.??>B ?.??F7 per!anent strain

A!"unt "# per!anent strain !ay be

re#erred t" as P*5C*)' $//,*'. Many
spe%i+%ati"ns use ?.>K as %"nventi"n.
Per!anent 6Plasti%7 de#"r!ati"n

(# the !aterial is de#"r!ed by a stress at a

p"int ab"ve the pr"p"rti"nal li!it be#"re
#ra%tureBthe re!"val "# applied #"r%e will
redu%e the stress t" 1er"Bbut the strain
d"es n"t de%rease t" 1er" be%ause the
plasti% de#"r!ati"n has "%%urred .

'hus the "bje%t d"es n"t return t" its

"riginal di!ensi"n when the #"r%e is
re!"ved.(t re!ains
bentBstre%hedB%"!pressed "r "therwise
plasti%ally de#"r!ed.
,train hardening

,trengthening by in%rease "# disl"%ati"n density

6,train Hardening ; 9"rk Hardening ; C"ld

9"rking7

Du%tile !etals be%"!e str"nger when they are

de#"r!ed plasti%ally at te!peratures well bel"w
the !elting p"int.

'he reas"n #"r strain hardening is the in%rease "#

disl"%ati"n density with plasti% de#"r!ati"n.

Average distan%e between disl"%ati"ns

de%reases and disl"%ati"ns start bl"%king the
!"ti"n "# ea%h "ther.

'he per%ent %"ld w"rk 6K C97 is "#ten used t"

e8press the degree "# plasti% de#"r!ati"nA

KC9 is just an"ther !easure "# the degree "#

plasti% de#"r!ati"nB in additi"n t" strain.
,trength

(t is the !a8i!al stress re:uired t" #ra%ture a

stru%ture.

,trength is n"t a !easure "# individual at"! t"

at"!
attra%ti"n "r repulsi"n B but rather it is a !easure
"# the
interat"!i% #"r%es %"lle%tively "ver the !aterial
whi%h
is stressed.

,'5*)G'H (, BA,(CALL. $/ /$&5 '.P*,A

'ensile

C"!pressive

,hear

/le8ure
'ensile strength

'ensile
,trength is
deter!ined by subje%ting a r"d B wire
"r a du!bbell shaped spe%i!en t" a
tensile l"ading.

(t is de+ned as the !a8i!al stress

the stru%ture will withstand be#"re
rupture.
Dia!etral 'ensile ,trength

Brittle !aterial an
indire%t tensile test
%alled Dia!etral
%"!pressi"n test "r
Bra1illian test is
used .

A %"!pressive l"ad
is pla%ed "n the
dia!eter "# a sh"rt
%ylindri%al !aterial .
C"!pressive strength

Crushing strength is
deter!ined by
subje%ting a
%ylindri%al spe%i!en
t" a %"!pressive
l"ad.

'he strength is
"btained #r"! the
%r"ss se%ti"nal area
and #"r%e applied.

C"!ple8 #ailure
,H*A5 ,5*)G'H

Ma8i!u! stress a !aterial %an withstand

be#"re #ailure in a shear !"de "# l"ading.
(t is tested using pun%h "r push"ut
!eth"d.

,hear strength ; /"r%e< L pun%h dia M

thi%kness
/L*N&5* ,'5*)G'H

'ransverse strength "r

!"dulus "# rupture "r
0e8ure strength $btained
using a bea! supp"rted at
ea%h end and l"ad applied in
the !iddle.

Als" %alled three p"int

bending test.

&sed in l"ng span bridges.

)eutral A8is
/atigue

A ,tru%ture subje%ted t" repeated "r %y%li% stress

bel"w its pr"p"rti"nal li!it %an pr"du%e abrupt
#ailure "# these stru%ture.

/atigue behavi"r is deter!ined by subje%ting a

!aterial t" a %y%li% stress "# kn"wn value and
deter!ining the nu!ber "# %y%les that are
re:uired t" pr"du%e #ailure.
,tati% #atigue

,"!e !aterial supp"rt a stati% l"ad #"r a

l"ng peri"d "# ti!e and #ail abruptly. 'his
type "# #ailure !ay "%%ur in wet
envir"n!ent.

*g %era!i% !aterials.
Brittleness

A brittle !aterial #ra%tures at "r near its

pr"p"rti"nal li!it.

(t is "pp"site "# t"ughness.

Brittle !aterial will n"t bend appre%iably

with"ut breaking.

'h"ugh a brittle !aterial !ay have a very high

%"!pressive strength. *.g. glass.
Du%tility

Ability "# a !aterial t" withstand

per!anent de#"r!ati"n under a tensile
l"ad with"ut rupture.

(t is the ability "# the !etal t" be drawn

int" wires.

Du%tility depends "n tensile strength.

(t de%reases with in%rease in

te!perature.
M*A,&5*M*)' $/ D&C'(L('.

=.Per%entage el"ngati"n a#ter #ra%ture

Gauge length ; F= !!6 ,'A)DA5D

GA&G* L*)G'H /$5 D*)'AL
MA'*5(AL,7

>.Measuring redu%ti"n in %r"ss se%ti"nal areas "#

#ra%tured ends in %"!paris"n t" the "riginal area
"# the wire. 'his is als" %alled as redu%ti"n in area
!eth"d.

C. %"ld bend test

Malleability

(t is the ability "# a !aterial t" withstand rupture

under %"!pressi"n.

(t is seen in ha!!ering "r r"lling "# a !aterial

int" sheets.

(t is n"t dependent "n the strength "# the

!aterial

(t in%reases with te!perature.

old is !"st du%tile and !alleable and

sil$er stands the se%"nd.

#latinum is third !"st du%tile and

copper ranks third in !alleability.
,tress %"n%entrati"n #a%t"rs

'H*,* ()CL&D*,

,ur#a%e 0aws

(nternal v"ids

air bubbles.

(n%lusi"ns "# "ther !aterials

Hert1ian l"ad

,harp angles

)"t%hes

'her!al !is!at%h
,"!e %lini%al relati"ns with
"rth"d"nti% wire

Tension Test 0esults1 2T, and 3 for

stainless steel and titanium
material.

4aterial Type 2T, !4)a"

3 !5)a"

,tainless steel =C??

=GC

titaniu! =@=F
=EG
,tress4,train %urve "# stainless steel
spe%i!en the 84a8is the strain in the
spe%i!en
and the y4a8is stress 6MP<!!>7. By wp
C?? tensile testing !a%hine
Physi%al Pr"perties
Abrasi"n and abrasi"n resistan%e

Phen"!en"n "# wearing< re!"val pr"%ess that

"%%urs whenever sur#a%es slide against ea%h
"ther

'he !aterial whi%h %auses wearing is %alled

abrasive

'he !aterial whi%h is w"rn is %alled substrate.

Hardness is "ne "# the %"!!"n inde8 "# a !aterial

t" resist abrasi"n "r wear but n"t the "nly inde8.

$ther #a%t"r whi%h %ause and in0uen%e abrasi"n <

abrasi"n resistan%e are

Biting #"r%e

/re:uen%y "# %hewingB

Abrasiveness "# dietB

(ntra "ral li:uidB te!perature %hangesB

,ur#a%e r"ughnessB

(!purities and irregularities 6Pits and gr""ves7

hardness

5esistan%e t" sur#a%e penetrati"n < sur#a%e

s%rat%hing <ability t" resist indentati"n.

(ndentati"n is pr"du%ed "n the sur#a%e "# the

!aterial #r"! a applied #"r%e "# a sharp p"int "r
an abrasive parti%le.

M"st hardness test are based "n ability "# a

sur#a%e "# a !aterial t" resist penetrati"n by
dia!"nd p"int "r a steel ball under a spe%i+ed

C"!!"n tests are

Bar%"l

Brinell 6BH7

5"%kwell 65H7

,h"re

i%kers 6H7

Kn""p 6KH7
Mi%r"hardness
test
Ma%r"hardness
test
Brinell hardness nu!ber 6BH)7

$ldestB si!plest B
%"nvenient J e8tensively
used

Hardened steel ball

pressed with standard l"ad
"n p"lished sur#a%e "#
!aterial .

L"ad is divided by the area

"# pr"je%ted sur#a%e "#
indentati"n .

'hus #"r a given l"ad

s!aller the indentati"nB
larger is the nu!ber and
the harder is the !aterial
5"%kwell hardness nu!ber 65H)7

C"ni%al dia!"nd p"int

is used.

Depth "# penetrati"n

is !easured dire%tly
by the dial gauge "n
the (nstru!ent

5H) and BH) are

used #"r !easuring
hardness "# !etal and
all"ys and they are n"t
suitable #"r brittle
!aterials.
i%kers hardness test

H test e!pl"ys s:uare

based pyra!id "# =C@
Degrees

Meth"d "# %"!putati"n is

the l"ad divided by the
pr"je%ted area "#
(ndentati"n.

'he length "# the diag"nals

are !easured and averaged.

Can be used #"r brittle

!aterials.

als" %alled =C@

degree dia!"nd
pyra!id test.
Kn""p hardness nu!ber 6KH)7

&ses dia!"nd tip t""l.

5h"!b"hedral pyra!id
dia!"nd tip is used "#
di!ensi"n =C? degree and
=E>.C? degree

'he length "# the largest

diag"nal is !easured .

'he pr"je%ted area is

divided in t" the l"ad t"
give KH)

Can be used #"r e8tre!ely

hard and s"#t !aterials.

KH) and H are %alled as !i%r" hardness

test.
BH) and 5H) are !a%r" hardness test.

,h"re and Bar%"l test are s"!eti!es

e!pl"yed t" !easure hardness "# rubber
and plasti% type "# dental !aterials.

'hese have spring l"aded !etal indenter

p"int.
is%"sity

5esistan%e "# a li:uid t" 0"w ,tudy "# 0"w

%hara%ter "# a !aterial is the basis
#"r 5he"l"gy

(!p"rtan%e "# kn"wing 0"wA

i!pressi"nsB Gypsu! pr"du%tsB %e!entsB

wa8es.

5esistan%e t" 0"w is %"ntr"lled by internal

#ri%ti"nal #"r%es. 'hus vis%"sity is the !easure
"#
%"nsisten%y "# a !ediu! and its inability t" 0"w.
Change in is%"sity

9henever a #"r%e is applied t" a !aterial

it will
de#"r!.

'he #"r%e < area is %alled stress.

'he %al%ulati"n "# de#"r!ati"n is the

strain.

,train ; %hange in length < initial length.

&nit "# vis%"sity is %#a & second or

CETI#!ISE

is%"sity "# !"st li:uids de%reases with

in%rease in te!perature i.e. its 0"w
in%reases

'" e8plain vis%"us nature "# s"!e

!aterials B shear stress < shear strain rate
%urve is pl"tted .

Based "n 5he"l"gi%

behavi"r 0uids are %lassi+ed in t" #"ur

types

)ewt"nian 0uid

Pseud"plasti%

Dilatant 0uid

Plasti%s
)ewt"nian 0uid

(deal 0uid whi%h

de!"nstrates a shear
strain pr"p"rti"nal t"
the shear stress

'he pl"t "n the graph

is a straight line

)ewt"nian 0uids has

a %"nstant vis%"sity
and is independent "#
the shear strain rate.
Pseud"plasti% 0uid

9hen the vis%"sity

"# a !aterial
de%reases with
in%reasing strain
rate until it rea%hes
the %"nstant value
su%h a !aterial is
%alled
#seudoplastic
materials or $uid.
Dilatant 0uid

'hese are the li:uids

that
be%"!es !"re rigid as
the
rate "# de#"r!ati"n
in%reases.
'hese li:uids sh"w
"pp"site tenden%y as
des%ribed #"r
pseud"plasti%
Plasti%
,"!e %lasses "# !aterial
behave like a rigid b"dy until
s"!e !ini!u! value "#
shear stress is rea%hed 6"2
set value7
'hese 0uids whi%h e8hibits
rigid behavi"r initially and
then attend %"nstant
vis%"sity are re#erred t" as
plasti%.
Ket%hup is a #a!iliar
e8a!ple .
'hi8"tr"phi% !aterial

is%"sity "# li:uid als" depends "n previ"us

de#"r!ati"n "# li:uid

A li:uid "# this type that be%"!es less vis%"us

and !"re 0uid under !"re repeated appli%ati"n
"# pressure is %alled as %hi&otrophic materials

*8a!plesA Dental p"lishing pasteB plaster "#

parisB

i!pressi"n !aterialsB resins and %e!ents

(!p"rtan%e "# is%"sity Pr"perties

'ea%hes us the best way t" !anipulate

the !aterials

Guides as "n the best use "# the

!aterials

Measure "# w"rking ti!e

'hi8"tr"pi% !aterials stays "n tray but

"n applying pressure in the !"uth the
!aterial 0"ws
Creep and 0"w

(# the !etal is held at the te!perature

near its !elting p"int and subje%ted t"
%"nstant applied stressB the resulting
strain will in%reases "ver ti!e.

Creep is de+ned as the ti!e dependant

plasti% strain "# a !aterials under stati% <
%"nstant l"ad.

,ag is sa!e as %reep but the l"ad is the

!ass "# the sa!e !aterial .
Creep and 0"w 6%"ntinueO7

A +lling !aterial %alled Amal'am

has low meltin' range. ," when in
!"uth it is %l"se t" the !elting p"int and
is subje%ted t" %"nstant biting #"r%es. (t
gets get de#"r!ed. Here the biting
#"r%es keep %hanging and %"ntinu"us
()anamic creep.

/"r wa8es ter! 0"w rather than %reep is

used as it is a!"rph"us. 'he 0"w "# wa8
is its p"tential t" de#"r! under s!all
stati% l"ad < "r its "wn !ass.
Creep and 0"w 6%"ntinueO7

/l"w is !easured using %"!pressive #"r%es !"stly.

Testing 6ow: A cylinder prescribed

dimension is subje%ted t" a given %"!pressive
stress #"r a spe%i+ed ti!e and te!perature.

'he %reep "r 0"w is !easured as per%entage

de%rease in length.

,igni+%an%e "# %reep < sag.

'her!"physi%al pr"perties

Heat trans#er thr"ugh s"lid substan%es !"st

%"!!"nly "%%ur by !eans "# %"ndu%ti"n.

'he %"ndu%ti"n "# heat thr"ugh !etals

"%%urs thr"ugh the intera%ti"n with at"!s.

Thermal conducti$it) (k) is the

thermoph)sical !easure "# h"w well heat
is trans#erred thr"ugh a !aterial by
%"ndu%tive 0"w.

'he !easure!ent "# ther!al %"ndu%tivity is

per#"r!ed under steady state %"nditi"ns.
'her!"%"ndu%tivity
Pr"perties

'he Thermal conducti$it) or coe*cient of

thermal conducti$it) is the +uantit) of heat
in calories per se%"nd that passes thr"ugh a
spe%i!en = %! thi%k having a %r"ss se%ti"nal area
"# =%!> Bwhen the te!perature di2eren%e between
the sur#a%es 'her!"%"ndu%tivity Pr"perties
perpendi%ular t" the heat 0"w "# the spe%i!en is
=? K.

Materials that have a high ther!al %"ndu%tivity are

%alled %"ndu%t"rsB whereas !aterials "# l"w
ther!al %"ndu%tivity are %alled insulat"rs.
'her!"%"ndu%tivity Pr"perties
6C"nt..7

'he internati"nal syste! 6,(7 unit "r

!easure #"r ther!al %"ndu%tivity is watt
< !eter < se%"nd <" Kelvin

(n%rease in ther!al %"ndu%tivity B greater

is the ability t" trans#er ther!al energy.

Metal rest"rati"n 3 in%rease %"ndu%tivity

%"!pared t" "ther !aterials.
'her!al Di2usivity

'he value "# ther!al di2usivity "# a !aterial %"ntr"ls

the ti!e rate "# te!perature %hange as heat passes
thr"ugh a !aterial.

(t is a !easure "# the rate at whi%h a b"dy with a

n"nuni#"r! te!perature rea%hes a state "# ther!al
e:uilibriu!.

/"r a given v"lu!e "# !aterialB the heat re:uired t"

raise the te!perature B t" a given a!"unt depends
"n its heat %apa%ity "r spe%i+% heat and the density.
'her!al Di2usivity 6%"nt7..

'he #"r!ula that related ther!al di2usivity t"

ther!al %"ndu%tivity is

h ; k < %pP

h ; 'her!al di2usivity

k ; 'her!al %"ndu%tivity

%p ; Heat %apa%ity

P ; te!perature dependent density

'her!al Di2usivity 6%"nt7..

,:uare r""t "# ther!al di2usivity is

indire%tly pr"p"rti"nal t" ther!al
insulati"n ability.

,( unit is s:uare !eter per se%"nd

%"!!"nly used.
C"eQ%ient "# ther!al e8pansi"n

C"eQ%ient "# ther!al e8pansi"nB is de+ned as the

%hange in length < unit "# the "riginal length "# a
!aterial when its te!perature is raised =degree K.

,( unit R! <!? K "r pp! < k?

A t""th rest"rati"n !ay %"ntra%t "r e8pand !"re

than the t""th during the %hange in te!p whi%h
!ay %ause !i%r" leakage "r deb"nd "# rest"rati"n
"# teeth.

'" redu%e thisB sele%ti"n "# !aterial wh"se

e8pansi"n "r %"ntra%ti"n %"eQ%ient sh"uld be
!at%hed appr"8i!ately within HK.

P/M
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

,ensati"n indu%ed #r"! %"l"r "# vari"us wavelength

rea%hing the eye.

*ye is sensitive t" wavelength "# H??n!6vi"let7

t" E??n!6dark red7.

/"r an "bje%t t" be visibleB it !ust re0e%t and

trans!it in%ident light at %ertain wavelength.

C"l"r is !easured using !unsell syste!.

C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

'husB

Light #r"! "bje%t

(n%ident "n eyes

/"%used in retina Sr"ds and %"nes

C"nverted int" nerve i!pulses

'rans!itted t" brain

C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

'hree di!ensi"n "# %"l"r areA

=. Hue

>. alue

C. Chr"!a
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

HueA

D"!inant %"l"r "# an "bje%t

*.g. redB blueB green 6d"!inant

wavelength7.

'he n"r!al hu!an teeth have hue

range "# @.C

yell"w red t" G.C yell"w red.

C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

alue

5elative lightness "r darkness "#

%"l"r.

'he hu!an teeth have a value in the

range "# ?4E.
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

CH5$MA

Degree "# saturati"n "# parti%ular hue.

Higher the %hr"!aB !"re intense and

!ature the %"l"r.

Chr"!a %ann"t e8ist itsel# and it is

always ass"%iated with hue and value.

)"r!al hu!an teeth has %hr"!a "# H

t" E.
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

C"l"r ,"lidA

Central r"d ; value

,pikes ; hue

"lu!e ; %hr"!a
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

C(* ,.,'*MA

C"!!issi"n (nternati"nal *%lairage.

Based "n Ada! syste!

C"l"ur in LMaMb

L ; value

a ; !easure al"ng r4g

a8is

b; !easure al"ng y4b a8is

C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

,hade Guide A

(n the dental lab"rat"ryB %"l"r !at%hing

is usually per#"r!ed by the shade guide.

'he !"st %"!!"nly used guide is ('A

shade guide.

'he range is #r"! A= t" DH ./r"! le#t t"

right the darkness in%rease.
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

Meta!eris!A

$bje%t that appear t" be %"l"r !at%hed

under "ne type "# light !ay appear di2erent
under an"ther light s"ur%e.

Day lightB in%andes%ent la!psB 0u"res%ent

la!ps are !"st %"!!"n s"ur%e "# light in
dental "perat"ry.

'w" "r !"re s"ur%es "# light sh"uld be used

t" prevent !eta!eris! %ausing wr"ng
sele%ti"n "#
Meta!eris!
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

)ear ultravi"let radiati"nA

)atural t""th stru%ture abs"rbs light at

wave lengths t"" sh"rt t" be visible at
hu!an eye.

'hese wave lengths between between

C??n!4 H??n! are re#erred as near
ultravi"let radiati"n.

,"ur%es are natural sunlightB ph"t"0ash

la!psB & light
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

/lu"res%en%eA

*nergy that the t""th abs"rbs is

%"nverted int" light with l"nger
wavelength in whi%h %ase the t""th
a%tually be%"!es a light s"ur%e.

'he phen"!en"n is %alled /lu"res%en%e.

Cera!i%sB %"!p"sites 3 0u"res%ent

agents are added.
/lu"res%en%e
C"l"r and %"l"r per%epti"n 6%"nt7..

378/* 02$93 3%%3$TA

At l"w light levelsB r"ds "# hu!an eye

are d"!inant and %"l"r per%epti"n is
l"st. As the brightness be%"!es !"re
intense B %"l"r appears t" %hange.
B*T$LD B5&CK* *//*C'
B*T$LD B5&CK* *//*C'
My"bra%eU (ntr"du%ti"n.!pH