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DC to AC Conversion
(INVERTER)
General concept
Single-phase inverter
ar!onics
"o#$lation
Three-phase inverter
DC to AC Converter (Inverter)
V
DC
V
ac
+
T./ICA0 A//0ICATI&NS'
1
2n-interr$pti)le po(er s$ppl* (2/S)3 In#$strial
(in#$ction !otor) #rives3 Traction3 VDC
Si!ple s+$are-(ave inverter (4)
DC V 4
V
dc
-V
dc
V
4
7
4 V
;
4 V
INVERTER &2T/2T V&0TAGE
2
ar!onics %iltering
0
C
v
O 2
(0&6 /ASS) %I0TER
?
v
O 1
v
O 2
@E%&RE %I0TERING A%TER %I0TERING
INVERTER 0&AD DC S2//0.
Varia)le Voltage Varia)le
%re+$enc* Capa)ilit*
T
1
T
2
t
V
dc1
V
dc2 igher inp$t voltage
igher 5re+$enc*
0o(er inp$t voltage
0o(er 5re+$enc*
=
+ + =
=
=
=
=
(here
sin cos
8
4
) (
%o$rier Inverse
ter!) sinD (D sin ) (
4
ter!) cosD (D cos ) (
4
ter!) DCD (D ) (
4
Series %o$rier
4
8
E
8
E
8
E
ar!onics o5 s+$are-(ave (4)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=
=
=
=
+ =
8
E
8
E
8
E
sin sin
E cos cos
E
4
d n d n
V
b
d n d n
V
a
d V d V a
dc
n
dc
n
dc dc o
V
dc
-V
dc
=t
2
ar!onics o5 s+$are (ave (8)
( ) ( ) [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
n
V
b
n
b
n n
n
n
V
n n
n
V
n n n
n
V
n n
n
V
b
dc
n
n
dc
dc
dc
dc
n
4
4 cos o##3 is n 6hen
eFist) not #o har!onics even i,e, (
E
4 cos even3 is 6hen
) cos 4 (
8
) cos 4 ( ) cos 4 (
) cos 8 (cos ) cos E (cos
cos cos
Solving3
8
E
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
C$asi-s+$are (ave (CS6)
( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
( )[ ]
n n
n
V
n n n
n
V
b
n n n n n n
n n n
n n
n
V
n
n
V
d n V b
a
dc
dc
n
dc
dc
dc n
n
cos 4 cos
8
cos cos cos
8
cos cos sin sin cos cos
cos cos
' EFpan#ing
cos cos
8
cos
8
sin
4
8
s*!!etr*) (ave - hal5 to (#$e , E that Note
=
=
= + =
=
=
=
=
=
8
V
dc
-V
dc
ar!onics control
( )
( )
n
n
b
b
!ote
V
b
n
n
V
b
b
o
dc
dc
n
n
o
7
4
4
GE
' i5 eli!inate# )e (ill har!onic general3
In (ave5or!, the 5ro! eli!inate# is har!onic
thir# or the 3 E then 3 7E i5 eFa!ple %or
' n Eli!inatio ar!onics
3 a#H$sting )* controlle# )e also can ar!onics
I )* var*ing controlle# is 3 3 l 5$n#a!enta The
'
cos
4
' is l 5$n#a!enta the o5 a!plit$#e 3 partic$lar In
cos
4
o##3 is n I5
3 E even3 is n I5
=
= =
=
=
=
V
C1
V
C2
?
-
?
-
S
4
S
8
V
dc
8
Vdc
8
Vdc
S4 &N
S8 &%%
S4 &%%
S8 &N
t
E
G
8
dc
V
dc
V
8
8
8
t
t
t
"#
V
# "
V
K
o
V
# " o
V V V
"#
K
=
gro$!#D virt$al D is #
0EG R 0EG RK
R
RK
-
o
V +
dc
V
+
-
Three-phase inverter
V
dc
/2
V
dc
/2
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (1)
7
S"itching Se#uence)
'(1 (V
1
) (12 (V
2
) 12& (V
&
) 2&* (V
*
)
&*' (V
'
) *'( (V
(
) '(1 (V
1
)
;
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (*)
Fig. * Wavefors of line to neutral (phase) voltages an% line to line voltages
for six-step voltage source inverter.
+ine to line voltages (V
a,
! V
,c
! V
ca
)
an% line to neutral voltages (V
an
! V
,n
! V
cn
)
V
a,
- V
a.
- V
,.
V
,c
- V
,.
- V
c.
V
ca
- V
c.
- V
a.
0hase voltages
V
,n
- -1/&V
a.
1 2/&V
,.
- 1/&V
c.
V
cn
- -1/&V
a.
- 1/&V
,.
1 2/&V
c.
M
Three phase inverter (ave5or!s
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (')
Aplitu%e of line to line voltages (V
a,
! V
,c
! V
ca
)
Fun%aental Fre#uenc2 3oponent (V
a,
)
1
4aronic Fre#uenc2 3oponents (V
a,
)
h
) aplitu%es of haronics %ecrease inversel2 proportional to their haronic or%er
#c #c
#c
V NJ , E V
M
8
V 4
8
7
= =
(rms) ) (V
1 ab
73,,,,,) 83 43 (n 4 Mn h (here3
V
NJ , E
#c a)
= =
=
h
(rms) ) (V
h
N
J
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (()
7,<ective of 0W;
8isa%vantages of 0W;
=e%uction of haronics
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
:. 0ulse-Wi%th ;o%ulate% VSI (2)
;o%ulation In%ex ()
Three-phase inverter
48
II. 0W; ;>T478S
A. Sine 0W; (2)
V
A
0
V
B
0
V
C
0
V
A
B
V
B
C
V
C
A
t
Fig. B Wavefors of three-phase sine 0W; inverter.
'
(
f
shoul% ,e an o%% integer
if
f
is not an integer! there a2 exist sunhaonics at output voltage
if
f
is not o%%! 83 coponent a2 exist an% even haronics are present at output voltage
f
shoul% ,e a ultiple of & for three-phase 0W; inverter
E
E
t
4
t
8
t
7
t
4
t
;
t
Reg$lar sa!pling
1
si!pli5ie# version o5 nat$ral sa!pling that
res$lts in si!ple #igital i!ple!entation
&pti!ise# /6"
1
/6" (ave5or! are constr$cte# )ase# on
certain per5or!ance criteria3 e,g, TD,
E
E
t
4
t
8
t
7
t
4
t
;
t
( )
(43837,,,) integer an is an#
signal !o#$lating the o5 5re+$enc* the is (here
"
' at locate# nor!all* are har!onics The
spectra, in the har!onics o5
(location) inci#ent the #eter!ines ratio #$lation "
l*, respective voltage3 (DC) inp$t an# voltage
o$tp$t the o5 l 5$n#a!enta are 3 (here
"
43 " E I5
co!ponent l 5$n#a!enta voltage
o$tp$t the s #eterr!ine In#eF "o#$lation
R
4
I 4
I
&
&
o
V V
V V
'
'
in
in
=
=
< <
"o#$lation In#eF3 Ratio
Reg$lar sa!pling
h F ( ) i5 - F ( ) c F ( ) < 4 , i5 - F ( ) c F ( ) > 4 , E , ( ) , ( ) :=
4
"egular sa!pling /6"
Sin$soi#al !o#$lating
(ave5or!3 v
'
(t)
Carrier3 v
c
(t)
t
1
t
2
t)
1
t)
2
t
t
8
) (t v
(
p*'
v
Reg$lar sa!pling (ave5or!3
As*!!etric an# s*!!etric
reg$lar sa!pling
+
sa!ple
point
t ,
'
sin
4
4 +
4
4
+
4
7+
4
;+
4
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
E
t
4
t
8
t
7
t
t
as*!!etric
sa!pling
s*!!etric
sa!pling
t
Generating o5 /6" (ave5or! reg$lar sa!pling
@ipolar S(itching
"o#$lating 6ave5or! Carrier (ave5or!
4
"
4 +
4
E
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
E
E
t
4
t
8
t
7
t
4
t
;
t
2nipolar s(itching
4
2nipolar s(itching sche!e
A
@
Carrier (ave5or!
(a)
())
(c)
(#)
4 -
7 -
p*'
V
@ipolar /6" s(itching' /$lse-
(i#th characteri=ation
& 4
& 8
&
8
carrier
(ave5or!
!o#$lating
(ave5or!
pul(e
&th
8
Three-phase har!onics
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
8
dc
V
dc
V
dc
V
dc
V
dc
V
8
"#
V
"#
V
"$
V
"$
V
$#
V
$#
V
M , E 3 J = = , p
M , E 3 G = = , p
I002STRATI&N &% @ENE%ITS &% 2SING A %REC2ENC. RATI&
TAT IS A "20TI/0E &% TREE IN A TREE /ASE INVERTER
Three phase inverter (ith R0
loa#
It is #esira)le to have ,
"
as large as possi)le,
o(ever3 higher ,
"
has si#e e55ects'
1
igher s(itching 5re+$enc*' "ore losses,
1
/$lse (i#th !a* )e too s!all to )e constr$cte#,
</$lse #ropping> !a* )e re+$ire#,