Chapter 1

The Study of Body Function

(p 4 10)
Physiology Functions and Homeostasis
Physiology study of biological functions of the body
From cell tissue organ system
Homeostasis
Walter Cannon (1871-1945)
Maintaining constancy of internal environment
Dynamic constancy within a certain normal range
Arrangement of the loops to reach homeostasis
Sensor detects deviation from set point
Integrating center CNS or endocrine glands
Determines the response
Effector muscles or glands
Produces the response
The Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback
Common regulatory mechanism for maintenance of homeostasis
Defends the set point reverses the deviation produces
change in opposite direction
Example insulin and blood sugar
Homeostasis is achieved by the negative feedback inhibition
Positive feedback
Action of effectors amplifies the changes
Is in same direction as change
Example trypsinogen and trypsin activation
Primary Tissues
The body composed of 4 different primary tissues:
Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective tissues
Epithelial tissues
Cells that form membranes
Provide barrier between external and internal environments
Connective tissues
Large amounts of extracellular material in the spaces between connective tissue
cells
Examples blood, bone, cartilage
Organs:
Composed of at least two primary tissues
Systems:
Organs that are located in different regions of the body and perform related
functions
Chapter 2
Chemical Composition of the Body
(p 30 32)
Water as a Polar Solvent
Water is a polar solvent and tends to interact better with
polar (hydrophilic) molecules
Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleotides are
highly polar and ionized so that they are soluble in water
(hydrophilic)
Hydrophobic (Lipophilic) Substances
The bulk of any lipid molecule is nonpolar
Containing long hydrocarbon chains
Lipids are soluble in nonpolar solvents (lipophilic) such as
ether and benzene but are insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
Amphipathic Molecules
Contain both polar (hydrophilic) head
group and hydrophobic tail group in their
structures
Soap as an amphipathic substance
RCOO
-
Na
+

Detergent action
Important amphipathic biomolecules:
Digestion of lipid bile acids (salts)
Transport of lipids in the blood
Functions and mechanisms of the
pulmonary surfactants
Cell membrane structure
Absorption of lipids
Entry of steroids into cells
Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Genetic Control
(p 52 54)
Biological Membranes
Membrane lipids spontaneously
form bilayers
The hydrophobic components
face inward, whereas the
hydrophilic components face
outward
Thin sheetlike structures
composed of lipid and protein
Membrane lipids create the
permeability barrier
Membrane proteins serve as
pumps, enzymes, receptors, and
energy transducers
Membranes create compartments
ranging from mitochondria and
nuclei to entire cells