SOURAV KUMAR

1109131101

X-RAY
WHAT ARE X-RAYS?
No mass

No charge

Energy


PROPERTIES OF X RAYS

They are not detected by human senses (cannot be seen, heard,
felt, etc.).
They travel in straight lines at the speed of light.
Their paths cannot be changed by electrical or magnetic fields.
They pass through matter.
They have enough energy to ionize matter and can damage or
destroy living cells.
There are three distinct properties of X-rays that can be used
practically:
(i) Absorption
(ii) Fluorescence
(iii) Diffraction


THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS









100 years ago,
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen,
a German scientist,
discovered x-rays..
ROENTGENS APPARATUS FOR
STUDYING X-RAYS
He accidentally discovered X-rays in November 1895
while studying cathode rays in a low pressure gas
discharge tube.

Roentgen placed various objects between the tube and
the screen, and the screen still glowed. Finally, he put
his hand in front of the tube, and saw the silhouette of
his bones projected onto the fluorescent screen.

BASIC X-RAY PHYSICS

X rays are electromagnetic radiations having low
wavelength from about 10-8 m to about 10-11 m


Therapeutic x rays:0.1 to 10-4 .


Diagnostic x-rays: 1 to 0.1
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HARD
AND SOFT X-RAYS

PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS

PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS

CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION


BREMSSTRAHLUNG
RADIATION

X-RAY INTERACTION WITH
MATTER
Coherent Scattering

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT



PAIR PRODUCTION


X-RAY INTERACTION WITH BODY
X-rays can:
Pass all the way through the body
Be deflected or scattered
Be absorbed

X-RAYS PASSING THROUGH
TISSUE
Depends on the energy of the x-ray and the atomic
number of the tissue
Higher energy x-ray - more likely to pass through
Higher atomic number - more likely to absorb the x-
ray
How do x-rays passing through the
body create an image?
X-rays that pass through the body to the film render the
film dark (black)

X-rays that are totally blocked do not reach the film and
render the film light (white)

Air = low atomic # = x-rays get through = image is dark

Metal = high atomic # = x-rays blocked = image is light
(white)

BASIC RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITIES
Air
Fat
Soft tissue/fluid
Mineral
Metal
DRAWBACKS OF X-RAY IMAGES

APPLICATION OF X-RAYS

Non-destructive testing
Medical
Microradiograohy
Skiagrphs
Diagnostic x rays


ADVANTAGES

X-rays are relatively inexpensive compared to CT scans and
other imaging studies.
The equipment is readily available in most hospitals and many
doctors' offices.
This destructive power is used in X-ray therapy to destroy
diseased cells.



DISADVANTAGES
X-rays involve exposure to radiation, which
has a cumulative damaging effect.
One of the dangers in the use of X rays is that
they can destroy living tissue and can cause se
skin burns on human flesh exposed for too
long a time