PREPARED BY :

PN NOR MAHANI MD RASIDI

ITEM DESCRIPTION
DEFINITION The science that deals with the collection,
tabulation, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of quantitative data.
PURPOSE variation in processes and populations
interactions among the variables in processes
and populations
operational definitions
INVOLVES Collecting
Classifying
Summarizing
Organizing
Analyzing
Interpreting

DATA
VARIABLES
Quality characteristic that are
measurable and countable
CONTINUOUS
Measurable
(meter,pascal)
DISCRETE
Countable
(1,2,3.)
ATTRIBUTES
Quality characteristics that are classified as
either conforming or nonconforming and
comparison.
ORDINAL
Comparison
(poor, average, good)
NOMINAL
Conforming or
nonconforming
(on or off, yes or no).
POPULATION
The whole collection
of measurements
SAMPLE
A small portion is
selected from
population to
represent population.
POPULATION
A population
frequency
distribution
can be
represented by
a smooth curve
(NORMAL
CURVE)
SAMPLE
A sample
frequency
distribution
can be
represented by
HISTOGRAM.
GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE
(Picture of frequency distribution)
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE
To plot or picture of a frequency
distribution.
1) Histogram
2) Relative Frequency Histogram
3) Cumulative Frequency Histogram
4) Relative Cumulative Frequency
Histogram

Summarize data by computing a
measure of central tendency and
a measure of the dispersion.
A summarization of how the data
points (observations) occur
within each subdivision of
observed values or groups of
observed values.
Less space compared to
graphical technique.

Allow for additional calculations
& inferences.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
MEASURE OF DISPERSION
How the data to build up
in the centre:
1) Average
2) Median
3) Mode
How data are spread out or
scattered on each side of the
central value.
1) Range R
2) Standard Deviation S
3) Variance S
2

ITEM DEFINITION FORMULA
UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA
AVERAGE The sum of
observations
divided by the
no. of
observation




n= number of observed
values
X
1
, X
2
.X
n
= observed
value




f
i
= frequency
X
i
= midpoint

MODE A set of numbers
is the value that
occurs with the
greatest
frequency.
3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, and 7
Mode is 5 (unimodal)

105, 105, 105, 107, 108,
109, 109, 109,110 and 112
Mode is 105 and 109
(bimodal)

Midpoint of the cell with the
highest frequency is the
mode.
ITEM DEFINITION FORMULA
UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA
MEDIAN The number of items
above it is equal to the
number below it.
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8 ,10
Median is the fourth
item (6), 3 items above
and 3 items
- Arrange in ordered
-If number in series is
odd, the median is
the mid point of the
values.
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8 , 10
Median is 6






M
d
= median
L
m
= lower boundary of
the cell with the median
n = total no. of
observation
C
fm
= cumulative
frequency of all cells
below L
m

f
m
= frequency of median
cell
I = cell interval
2
fm
d m
m
n
C
M L i
f
| |

|
= +
|
|
\ .
Symmetrical (Average=median=mode)
Positively Skewed (mode<median<average)
Negatively Skewed (average<median<mode)
ITEM DEFINITION FORMULA
UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA
RANGE The different
between the
largest and
smallest value.

R = range
X
h
= highest observation in a series
X
l
= lowest observation in a series
STANDARD
DEVIATION
Numerical value
in the units of the
observed values
that measures the
spreading
tendency of the
data





OR





X
i
= observed value
X = average
n = number of observed
values







X
i
= midpoint
f
i
= frequency

h l R X X =
2
R
midrange =
2
n n
2
i i
i i
n x ( x )
s=
n(n-1)

1
Solve problem
2
Determine the process capability
3
Compare with specifications
4
Suggest the shape of the population
5
Indicate discrepancies in data such as gaps
DEFINITION
Symmetrical, unimodal, bell-shaped distribution with mean,
median and mode having the same value).

A population curve or distribution is developed from a frequency
histogram.

The normal curve is such a good description of the variations that
occurs to most quallity characteristics in industry.
A normal curve is symmetrical about
The mean, mode, and median are equal
The curve is uni-modal and bell-shaped
Data values concentrate around the mean
Area under the normal curve equals 1

ITEM DESCRIPTION
FORMULA

Where:
z = stadard normal value
X = individual value
o= population standard deviation
= mean
GRAPH








o

=
X
z