DATA RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 5
 Presented by:
Mr. Naveet Kumar Vankani (11291)
Miss. Saba Shahid ()
Mr. Ghufran Nisar (11153)
Mr. Najam-us-Saqib Qasmi (12034)
Miss. Iqra Madina (11940)
DATABASE

 It is a concept or file organization.

 It consists of related files stored

together so that group of data items can
be easily accessed or retrieved by those
who need them.
Database Management System

 It is a software that functions as interface

between users, other programs and the
database itself.
 It allows the data to be created,
maintained, and retrieved.
 The database management systems
approach was developed to solve the
problems of file processing systems.
Types of Database:

1. Operational database
2. Distributed Database
3. External Database
4. Hypermedia Database
Operational Database
 It stores detailed data needed to support the
business processes & operations of a
company.
 It is also called subject area database(SADB),
transaction database & production database.
 E.g. Customer database, human database, etc.
Distributed Databases
 Replication or duplication of copies and
parts of databases to network servers at a
variety of websites
• Improves database performance at
worksites.
External Database
 Databases available for a fee from
commercial online services, or free from the
Web
• Example: hypermedia databases, statistical
databases, bibliographic and full text
databases
• Search engines like Google or Yahoo are
external databases
Hypermedia Databases

 A hypermedia database contains:

• Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

• Interrelated hypermedia page elements,

rather than interrelated data records
How Data are organized in IS:

 Data are logically organized into

characters, fields, records, files.
1. Character: It consists of single
alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol.
2. Field: Grouping of related
characteristics.
3. Record: It represents a collection of
attributes that describe an entity.
4. File: It is a group of related records.
• Any grouping of related records in
tabular, or row & column form is called a
File.
• A single table may be referred to as a
Flat file
DATABASE STRUCTURES

 The relationships among many

individual data elements stored in
database are based on one of the
several logical data structures or
models.
Types of Database Structure:
 Common database structures…
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
• Object-oriented
• Multi-dimensional
Hierarchical Structure
 Early DBMS structure
 Records arranged in tree-like structure
 Relationships are one-to-many
Network Structure
 Used in some mainframe DBMS
packages
• Many-to-many relationships
Relational Structure
 Most widely used structure
 Data elements are stored in tables
 Row represents a record; column is a field
 Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element
Relational Operations
 Select
• Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
• Example: employees earning more than
$30,000
 Join
• Combine two or more tables temporarily
• Looks like one big table
 Project
• Create a subset of columns in a table
Multidimensional Structure
 Variation of relational model
• Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
• Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
• Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Multidimensional Model
Object-Oriented Structure
 An object consists of
• Data values describing the attributes of an entity.
• Operations that can be performed on the data.
 Encapsulation
• Combine data and operations
 Inheritance
• New objects can be created by replicating some or all of
the characteristics of parent objects
Object-Oriented Structure
Object-Oriented Structure
 Used in object-oriented database
management systems (OODBMS)
 Supports complex data types more
efficiently than relational databases
• Example: graphic images, video clips,
web pages
Database Development
 Database development:
 Involves data planning, database design
and implementation
 Creation of database models
Database Administrator
(DBA)
 In charge of enterprise database
development
 Improves the integrity and security of
organizational databases
 Uses Data Definition Language (DDL) to
develop and specify data contents,
relationships, and structure
 Stores these specifications in a data
dictionary or a metadata repository
Data Dictionary
 A data dictionary
• Contains data about data (metadata)
• Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
 It contains information on..
• The names and descriptions of all types of data
records and their interrelationships
• Requirements for end users’ access and use of
application programs
• Database maintenance
• Security
Data Planning Process

 It a top-down process.
• Develop an enterprise model.
• Define needs of end user in a business
process.
• Identify key data elements that are needed to
perform their specific business activities.
(ERDs)
Database Design Process

 It is a data modeling process where the

relationships are identified in a data
model that supports a basic business
process.
• This model is called “schemas” or
“subschema”.
• The physical design of data basis.
Database Development
Data Warehouses
• A process of centralized data management and
retrieval.
• Stores data that has been extracted from other
databases in an organization.
• Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and catalog.
• Data is used for data mining, analytical
processing, analysis, research, decision support.
 Data warehouses may be divided into
data marts
 Subsets of data that focus on specific
aspects of a company (department or
business process)
Data Mining

• Data in data warehouses are analyzed to

reveal hidden patterns and trends
• Market-basket analysis to identify new product bundles
• Find root cause of qualify or manufacturing problems
• Prevent customer attrition
• Acquire new customers
• Cross-sell to existing customers
• Profile customers with more accuracy