STRUCTURAL DESIGN II

301008
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
Teaching scheme Examination scheme
Lectures: 4 hours/week Theory: 100 Marks
Practical: 4 hours/week Term work: 25 Marks
Oral: 50 Marks
Design should be based on IS: 456- 2000
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN METHODS
Working stress
It is a method of design in RCC structures, in
which stresses of materials is calculated by using
working load and compared with allowable stress by
considering a linear stress strain relation ship.
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN METHODS
Ultimate Load
In ultimate load method, the working loads are increased by
suitable factors to obtain ultimate loads. These factors are called load
factors. The structure is then designed to resist the desired ultimate
loads. This method takes into account the non-linear stress-strain
behavior of concrete.

LIMIT STATE METHOD
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements
before failure occurs is called a "limit state".
The object of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an
acceptable probability that a structure will not become unserviceable
in its life time for the use for which it is intended, that is ,it will not
reach a limit state. A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability
should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it
throughout its life and it should also satisfy the serviceability
requirements.
LIMIT STATE METHOD
Limit State of Collapse
1. Flexure
2. Torsion
3. Shear
Limit state of serviceability
1. Deflection
2. Cracking
3. Fire
INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CEMENT
CONCRETE(RCC OR RC)
Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension.
Hence the member which are subjected to both tensile and
compressive stresses are made up of Reinforced Cement Concrete.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material in
which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile
strength and/or ductility.
VARIOUS LOADS, EFFECTS AND FORCES
COMING ON THE STRUCTURE
Dead Load (IS 875 Part 1)
Live load or Impose load(IS 875 Part2)
Wind Load (IS 875 Part 3)
Snow Load (IS 875 Part 4)
Earthquake Forces(IS 1893)
Shrinkage, Creep and Temp.(IS 875 Part 5)(for ordinary buildings whose
lateral dimension do not exceed 45m, these effects are neglected)

UNIT WEIGHTS OF PCC AND RCC
Unit Weight of PCC 24 kN/cu.m
Unit Weight of PCC 25 kN/cu.m
as per IS 456 -2000 Cl 19.2.1 p.no 32

CHARACTERISTICS STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE(FCK) (CL-36.1,P.NO 67)
The characteristic strength of the concrete is the compressive strength of
the(fck) concrete cubes of size 150 mm tested at 28 days. And compressive
strength of cubes should not fall not more than 5% of this strength.
For logical understanding-
If 100 Cubes are casted by same the concrete and after 28 days the 96 cubes
have 20 N/mm2 compressive strength or little bit more and 4 cubes have
compressive strength less than 20 N/mm2, then the characteristic strength of
concrete is 20N/mm2.
CHARACTERISTIC LOAD (CL 36.2)
The term characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95
percent probability of not being exceeded during the life of the
structure. Since data are not available to express loads in statistical
terms, for the purpose of this standard, dead loads given in IS 875
(Part l), impose loads given in IS 875 (Part 2), wind loads given in IS
875 (Part 3), snow load as given in IS 875 (Part 4) and seismic forces
given in IS 1893 shall be assumed as the characteristic loads.
DESIGN VALUES
Materials
The Design strength of the materials, fd is given by
fd=f/m
Where
f =characteristic strength of the material (see 36.1), and
m =partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit
state being considered.
PARTIAL FACTORS FOR LOAD(CL.36.3.2)
The design load, Fd is given by
Fd=F*f
where
F = characteristic load(see cl-36.2), and
f= partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and the limit
state being considered.(given on Table 18 pg -68)

ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN LIMIT STATE OF
COLLAPSE: FLEXURE (IS 456-2000, CL-38
PG 69)
Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending. This
assumption ensures that the cross-section of the member does not
warp due to the loads applied. It further means that the strain at any
point on the cross-section is directly proportional to its distance from
the neutral axis.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre
is taken as 0.0035 in bending
The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is assumed to be
parabolic

ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN LIMIT STATE OF
COLLAPSE: FLEXURE (IS 456-2000, CL-38
PG 69)
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at
failure shall not be less than fy/(1.15 Es) + 0.002, where fy is the
characteristic strength of steel and Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is
only reinforced near the tensile face and the reinforcement, called
tension steel, is designed to resist the tension.
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
A doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile
reinforcement the concrete element is also reinforced near the
compressive face to help the concrete resist compression. The
latter reinforcement is called compression steel. When the
compression zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the
compressive moment (positive moment), extra reinforcement
has to be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of the
section.
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM