What do you think are they doing?

Working
In science, the term work does not
imply the exertion of muscular and
mental effort.






Work is done when force is exerted on
an object causing the object to move in
the direction of the force.
When is work accomplished?
- Work is accomplished if a force is able to
move an object. You may exert force on
an object but if the object does not move,
you have not done any work.
- If you push a wall with all your strength but
if the wall does not move, you are not
doing any work.
- If the body is moving and there is no force
acting on it, then no work is done.
Types of Work
1. Positive work (+W)
F & d are parallel to each other
and at the same direction


F
d
Work
cos Fd d F W
FORCE
Displacement
1 0 cos ; 0
cos

Fd d F W
Types of Work
2. Negative work (-W)
F & d are parallel to each other
but act at different direction


F
d
Work
cos Fd d F W
FORCE
Displacement
1 180 cos ; 180
cos

Fd d F W
Types of Work
3. Zero work (0W)
F & d are perpendicular to each
other


F
d
no force applied

no displacement

no work
There is force
applied

There is
displacement

Work is done!
Force
Displacement
Work (W) equals the product of force
(F) and displacement (d). A scalar
quantity.
MKS System
W = F d

Unit : W = N.m
1N.m = 1 Joule
kg.m/s
2
m = kg.m
2
/s
2
The unit Joule is named after
a British Physicist James Prescott Joule
CGS System
W = F x d

Unit : W = Dyne.cm

FPS System
W = F x d

Unit : W = Pound.foot
(lb.ft or ft.lb)
1Dyne.cm = 1 Erg
g.cm/s
2
cm = g.cm
2
/s
2
Special name
Analyze each picture then tell
whether work is done in the
situation or not.
displacement
Force
There is an
applied force

There is
displacement

Work is done!
A man pushing a grocery cart.
displacement force
There is
applied force

There is
displacement

Work is done!
Weightlifter lifting a barbell above his head.
force
displacement
There is force
and displacement
but they are not
parallel

No work done
A waiter carries a tray full of meals.
displacement
force
There is
applied force

There is
displacement

Work is done!


Man lifting a box.
Displacement 1
Force
Displacement 2
d1 + f = work
done!


d2 + f = no
work done
A boy playing basketball.
Think about the work situation listed
below: Then think about this question:
Are you doing any work?
Work situations Are you doing any
work?
1. You are lifting a table
some distance above the
floor.
2. You are swimming and
you are using your hands
and feet to push back on
the water.
Work situations Are you doing any
work?
3. You are trying to push a
cabinet across the room but
you cannot move it.
4. You are climbing a tree.
5. You are pushing on the
window but you cannot
move it.
6. You are holding a big
sack of onions on your
shoulder.
Work situations Are you doing any
work?
7. You are reading a book.
8. You rolled a ball around a
room.
Problem solving

1. Suppose you used a force of 25 N to lift a sack of rice from the
floor to the table top, a distance of 1 meter. What is the amount of
work done?
9. A teacher applies a force
to a wall and becomes
exhausted.
10. A book falls off a table a
free falls to the ground.
CASES OF WORK
I. Work done in pushing or pulling an
object

load
load
Fa
d
W = F d
CASES OF WORK
2. Work done on an object by a force that
makes an angle with the horizontal

load
load
Fa
d
W = (Fcos ) d

CASES OF WORK
3. Work done in pulling or pushing an object
along the horizontal with frictional force
(constant speed)
load
load
Fa
d
W = F d
CASES OF WORK
4. Work done in lifting an object
mass
mass
h
g
W = mgh
Problem solving

2. Suppose you pushed a box of books, using a
force of 180 N over a distance of 3 meters, what
is the amount of work done?
To lessen work, people invented
machines to help them do their jobs. What
are the advantages and disadvantages of
using machines to work values of people?

What are the things that you should
do to value work but at the same time
appreciate the use of technology?
POWER
How can you say that you are powerful?


Analyze!
Two People who weigh the same climb
the same flight of stairs. The 1st person
climbs the stairs in 30s, and the 2nd
person climbs the stairs in 40s. Who did
the most work? Who is more powerful?

With great power, comes great
responsibility

POWER rate of doing work
Power = Work divided by time
In equation;
P = W
t
Unit of Power:
P = W Joule (J) = N.m = kg.m
2
/s
2

t second (s) s s
1 J/s = 1 Watt = 1 kgm
2
/s
3
1kW = 1000 watts

Units of Power
Power can also be expressed in the unit

HORSEPOWER (hp)
1hp = 746 watts

The SI unit of Power is named after James
Watt, who improved Newcomens steam
engine.
EXERCISES
1. During the Personal Power Lab, Jack and Jill ran up the
hill. Jack is twice as massive as Jill, yet Jill ascended
the same distance in half time. Who did the most work?
Who delivered the most power?
2. A porter pulls a luggage along a level road for 5-m by
exerting a force of 20 N at an angle of 30 with the
horizontal and carries on shoulder through a vertical
distance of 1.5-m and carries it for another 5-m. How
much work does he do in ...
a) pulling the luggage?
b) lifting the luggage?
c) carrying the luggage?
3. A 2-kg block is allowed to slide down
along a frictionless inclined plane 1-m
long. The inclined plane makes an angle
of 30 above the horizontal. Find:
a) Work done by the force weight
b) Work done by the normal force
c) Total work done on the block
4. An elevator must lift 1000 kg a distance of 100 m
at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the average power
the elevator exerts during this trip in hp?
5. An elevator is used to move 20 passengers every
minute from the ground floor of the St. Maur
Building to the third floor, which is located 10-m
above the ground floor. The average passengers
mass is 60 kg. Determine the work done (in J)
and the power (in kW) delivered by the elevator in
order to move this number of passengers in this
amount of time.
YOU CAN
STUDY FOR
5 MINUTES
QUIZ #2
Bring out crosswise.
Write your name, year and section and the date
today.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Use of calculator is allowed.
2.Use only the following materials in taking the
quiz: ballpen, crosswise and calculator.
Extra sheet of paper is not allowed.
3. Reviewers, notebooks and the like should be
kept away from you. Mind your own paper.
4. Cheating is a MAJOR OFFENSE. It includes
possession of codigos and glancing on your
seatmates paper.

Parts of the Quiz
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE ( 5 items)
Directions: Choose the best answer from the given
choices. Write the CAPITAL LETTER of your choice
on your paper.
II. TRUE OR FALSE ( 5 items)
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct,
otherwise, write the word FALSE.
III. PROBLEM-SOLVING ( 5points)
Directions: Solve the problems neatly and systematically.
Show your complete solutions and final answer must
be expressed in 3 significant figures with appropriate
unit.
SHOW the following: Given, Unknown, Formula, Solution
and encircle your final answer.



1. Which of the following situations
illustrates work in scientific sense?


A. A tug of war that is evenly matched.
B. A train engine pulling a loaded boxcar
initially at rest.
C. A student had to work against time as the
deadline neared.
D. A student had to work on her homework
before she went to bed.



MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. Which situation indicate a work
done on the second object to have a
positive value.
A. A rope exerts a force on a bucket as the
bucket is raised up in a well.
B. The air exerts a force on a parachute as
the parachute falls to Earth.
C. A man pushes a stalled car with all his
strength but the car did not move.
D. A man holding a child on his shoulder
while watching a parade.
3. What can you conclude about
two boys having the same mass
and climbing the same flight of
stairs at different time?
A. They will do different work but use the same
power.
B. They will do the same work and use different
power.
C. They will do the same work and have no power.
D. They will do the same work and use the same
power.

4. Which of the following is NOT a
unit of work?
A. Joule
B. Erg

C. Newton-meter
D. kg.m
2
/s
3


5. Which does NOT belong to the
group?
A. P = F*d C. P =F*v
B. P = m*g*v D. P = W/t

TRUE OR FALSE
6. To accomplish work, a net force must be
perpendicular to the displacement.

7. We do work when we lift a load against
Earths gravity.

8. A person that can do a work in a shortest
possible time is more powerful than a
person that can do the same amount of
work in a longer time.
TRUE OR FALSE
9. A watt is equal to 1.34x10
-3
horsepower .

10. In SI unit of work is named in honor of
James Watt.

PROBLEM-SOLVING
The elevator at the St. Maur Building weighs
7840 N and can hold a maximum load of 500
kg. A constant frictional force of 3000 N
retards the elevators motion upward.
a) If the maximum load is lifted from the 3
rd
floor of
the St. Maur Building, that is located 10-m
above the ground floor, how much work does
the motor of the elevator do?
b) What is the minimum power (in hp) must the
motor deliver to lift the fully-loaded elevator at a
constant speed of 4 m/s. (10points)

BREAK TIME
PLEASE DONT
DISTURB
OBJECTIVES
1. Define energy.
2. Differentiate the two forms of mechanical
energy.
3. State the law of conservation of
mechanical energy.
4. Solve problems on the law of
conservation of mechanical energy.
What can you do when you
are full of energy?
ENERGY is the ability to do
work.
The property of an object or system
that enables it to do work is energy.
Like work, energy is measured in joules
-You can do a lot of work
Where do we derive our
ability to do work?
We obtain our energy from the
food that we eat. Thats is why,
our food consumption is
expressed calories, which is also
a unit of Energy, specifically
Heat Energy.
The food provides
chemical energy that
can be converted to
useful mechanical
energy.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
is the energy due to the
position of something or the
movement of something.

MECHANICAL
ENERGY
Kinetic Energy (KE)
Potential Energy (PE)
Energy in
motion


KE = m(v
2
)
where:
KE - kinetic
energy
m mass
v - velocity


-Energy at
rest
-stored
energy by
virtue of
position
PE = mgh
where:
m mass
g acceleration
due to gravity
h - height
W = E
that is,

W = KE W = PE

The Work-Energy Theorem





The Work-Energy Theorem
And so what we really have is called the
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM. It basically
means that if we impart work to an object it
will undergo a CHANGE in speed and thus a
change in KINETIC ENERGY. Since both
WORK and KINETIC ENERGY are expressed
in JOULES, they are EQUIVALENT TERMS!
" The net WORK done on an object is equal to the change in kinetic
energy of the object."

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy states
that energy cannot be created or
destroyed. It can be transformed from
one form into another, but the total
amount of energy never changes.

The study of the forms of energy and the
transformations from one form into another
is the law of conservation of energy.
For any system in its entiretyas simple
as a swinging pendulum or as complex as
an exploding galaxythere is one quantity
that does not change: energy.
Energy may change form, but the total
energy stays the same.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
Some water returns to Earth as rain that is trapped
behind a dam.
The water behind a dam has potential energy that
is used to power a generating plant below the
dam.
The generating plant transforms the energy of
falling water into electrical energy.
Electrical energy travels through wires to homes where
it is used for lighting, heating, cooking, and operating
electric toothbrushes.
And Energy is conserved!
TOTAL MECHANICAL
ENERGY (TME)

The sum of kinetic energy and
potential energy.

TME = KE + PE
When the woman leaps
from the burning
building, the sum of her
PE and KE remains
constant at each
successive position all
the way down to the
ground.
Conservation of Energy
A


In Figure A, a pendulum is released from
rest at some height above the ground
position.

It has only potential energy.
B


In Figure B, a pendulum is still above the ground
position, yet it is also moving.

It has BOTH potential energy and kinetic energy.
C


In Figure C, a pendulum is at the ground position
and moving with a maximum velocity.

It has only kinetic energy.
D


In Figure D, the pendulum has reached the
same height above the ground position as
A.

It has only potential energy.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY
Basically,
TME
initial(i)
= TME
final(f)

thus,
KE
(i)
+ PE
(i)
= KE
(f)
+ PE
(f)
OR

mv
2
(i)
+ mgh
(i)
= mv
2
(f)
+ mgh
(f)



PRACTICE PROBLEMS
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
1. A tennis ball (mass = 0.06 kg) is hit
straight upward with an initial speed of 45
m/s. How high would it go if air
resistance were negligible?
2. A pool cue striking a stationary billiard ball
(mass= 0.25 kg) gives the ball a speed of
1.5 m/s. If the force of the cue on the ball
was 20 N, over what distance did this
force act?

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
1. A ball of mass 2-kg is gently pushed off
the edge of a tabletop that is 1.5 m above
the floor. Find the speed of the ball as it
strikes the ground.
2. A skydiver jumps from a hovering
helicopter thats 3000 m above the
ground. If air resistance can be ignored,
how fast will he be falling when his
altitude is 2000 m?

3. Starting from rest, a child zooms down a
frictionless slide from an initial height of
3.00 m. What is her speed at the bottom of
the slide? Assume she has a mass of 25.0
kg.
4. A pendulum bob is released from some
initial height such that the speed of the
bob at the bottom of the swing is 1.9 m/s.
What is the initial height of the bob?