Subnets in TCP/IP Networks © N. Ganesan, PH.D

Chapter
Subnets in TCP/IP Networks

N. Ganesan, Ph.D.
N. Ganesan, All rights reserved.
Chapter Objectives

Module
Introduction to Subnetting
Subnetting
Division of a network into subnets
For example, division of a Class B address
into several Class C addresses
Some of the host IDs are used for
creating subnet IDs
Need for Subnetting
Classes A and B have a large number of hosts
corresponding to each network ID
It may be desirable to subdivide the hosts in
Class C subnets
Often, there is a limitation on the number of
hosts that could be hosted on a single
network segment
The limitation may be imposed by concerns
related to the management of hardware
Smaller broadcast domains are more efficient
and easy to manage
Subnetting Principle
Use parts of the host IDs for subnetting
purpose
A subnet mask is used to facilitate the
flow of traffic between the different
subnets and the outside network (hops)
A hop is the distance a data packet travels
form one node to the other
Using Host IDs to Subnet
140 15 0 0
Class B Network
140 15 1 0
140 15 2 0
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
Third octet is now used for subnet IDs
140 15 3 0
Subnet 3
Subnet Configuration
140 15 1 0
140 15 1 1
Subnet ID
First Host ID
140 15 1 254
..
Last Host ID
Routing of Traffic
140.15.0.0
140.15.2.0
140.15.1.0
140.15.3.0
Routing
Subnets
1
2
3
Outside world
End of Module
Module
Subnetting Example
Subnetting Example
Consider the case of a class C address
195. 175.25.0 assigned to an
organization
Subnets can be constructed by
allocating part of the higher-order bits
of the host ID
Assume that three of the higher-order
bits of the host ID are to be reserved for
that purpose
Subnetting Structure
195 175 25 0
11100000
Subnet Mask
Sub Net Last Octet Subnet ID
1 00000000 195.175.25.0
2 00100000 195.175.25.32
3 01000000 195.175.25.64
4 01100000 195.175.25.96
5 10000000 195.175.25.128
6 10100000 195.175.25.160
7 11000000 195.175.25.192
8 11100000 195.175.25.224
Usable
Subnets
(6)
Sample Subnet Division
Router
195.175.25.32 195.175.25.64
195.175.25.33
.
.
.
195.175.25.62
195.175.25.65
.
.
.
195.175.25.94
30 hosts per subnet.
Subnet 2 Subnet 1
Total Number of Subnets and
Hosts
All zeros and ones are not used
This has been overcome in the new RFC
Total number of subnets is 6
Number of hosts per subnet is 30
Subnet mask is 255.255.255.224
255.255.255.11100000
End of Module
Module
The Routing Process
Overview of the Masking Process
IP address and subnet masks are used
for the masking operation
The purpose of masking is to identify
whether an IP address corresponds to a
local host or a remote host
The mathematical technique used is
known as the ANDing process
ANDing Process
Similar to the AND Boolean operator
Consider A = B and C
A is true only when B and C are true
Otherwise, A is false for all other scenarios
ANDing Table
B C B AND C
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Subnet Masking
AND host IP and subnet mask value at
startup to identify network ID
AND destination IP address and subnet
mask value determine either of the
following:
IP represents local host
IP represents remote host
Subnet Masking Example
Subnet ID: 195.175.25.32
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
Host address
195.175.25.34
Case 1 destination address
195.175.25.40
Case 2 destination address
195.175.25.67
Network Scenario
Router
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
Host
195.175.25.34
Local Host
195.175.25.40
Outside
World
195.175.25.40
195.175.25.67
Computing Subnet ID at Startup
Host ID 195 175 25 34
11000011 10101111 00011001 00100010
Subnet
Mask
255 255 255 224
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
ANDing
Result
195 175 25 32
11000011 10101111 00011001 00100000
Yields subnet ID.
TCP/IP
Properties
of the Host
Masking of Destination
Address:Case 1
Destinati-
nation IP
195 175 25 40
11000011 10101111 00011001 00101000
Subnet
Mask
255 255 255 224
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
ANDing
Result
195 175 25 32
11000011 10101111 00011001 00100000
Yields subnet ID to be that of the local subnet.
Case 1 Forwarding of Data
Packets
The destination host is local
Broadcast for the hardware address of
the local host at IP 195.175.25.40
Send information to the local host
Masking of Destination
Address:Case 2
Destinati-
nation IP
195 175 25 67
11000011 10101111 00011001 01000011
Subnet
Mask
255 255 255 224
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
ANDing
Result
195 175 25 64
11000011 10101111 00011001 01000000
Yields subnet ID to be that of different subnet.
Case 2 Forwarding of Data
Packets
The destination host is remote
Send information to the gateway
The router at the gateway will route the
data packet to the appropriate subnet
Gateway IP
address
specified
In TCP/IP
properties.
Summary of Transmission and
Routing of Data Packets
Router
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
Host
195.175.25.34
Local Host
195.175.25.40
Subnet at
195.175.25.64
195.175.25.40
(Case 1)
195.175.25.67
(Case 2)
Valid Subnet Masks for Class C
Addresses
Subnet Mask Subnets Hosts Host Total
255.255.255.192 2 62 124
255.255.255.224 6 30 180
255.255.255.240 14 14 196
255.255.255.248 30 6 180
255.255.255.252 62 2 124
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.255
End of Module
Module
Subnetting Convention
Subnet Convention
Consider the following Class C example
195.175.25.0/27
In the above case, the first three octets
and the first three higher-order bits of
the fourth octet are used in subnet
masking
3*8+3 = 27 bits from the beginning of the 32
bit IP address
Subnet Convention Illustrated
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 3 Bits
Total number of masking bits = 27

195.175.25.0/27
Network ID
Variable Length Subnets
Source:
Microsoft White
Paper
135.41.0.0/16
135.41.0.0/17 135.41.128.0.0/17
135.41.128.0/21
135.41.128.0./17
135.41.248.0/21
135.41.248.0/24
1 Network, 32,766 hosts
15 Networks, 2046 hosts per network
135.41.255.0/21
Subnet
Subnet
8 Networks, 254 hosts per network
End of Module
Module
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
To avoid the depletion of the class B
addresses, it is subnetted and assigned
as class C addresses
To avoid the proliferation of network
IDs that would complicate entries in the
routing tables, they were folded for
easing the routing process
The above is known as CIDR
Subnetting of Class B Example
Consider the requirement of 2000 hosts by a
company
Allocation of one class B network ID would
yield 65,534 hosts
Far more than required
The solution is to subnet a B class address
8 C class network IDs with each network being
able to support 254 hosts
The total number of hosts supported is 2,032
CIDR
CIDR enables the folding of network IDs
The Internet router tables will need one entry
for network ID with the use of a subnet mask
for supernetting
Otherwise, the table need to carry 8 entries in the
previous example
RIP for IP version 2, OSPF and BGPv2 are
protocols that support CIDR
Classless Addressing
Fixed Variable
Fixed + Zeros
Fixed + Variables
Network ID
Host IDs
End of Module
Module
Supernetting
Supernetting and CIDR
220.78.168.0
Source: Microsoft White
Paper on TCP/IP
Network ID
220.78.168.0

Subnet Mask
255.255.248.0
(For supernetting)
220.78.175.0
220.778.168.0
Internet Router Entry
Network ID
.
.
.
8 Network IDs
End of Module
End of Chapter

Subnets in TCP/IP Networks © N. Ganesan, PH.D

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Subnets in TCP/IP Networks

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