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The

Muscular
System
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle
Found in walls of hollow
organs. Functions to move
them.
Pump heart
Attach to skeleton.
Movement and posture.
non striated
striated
(striped)
striated
Involuntary & rhythmic Involuntary & rhythmic Voluntary (except reflexes)
Single nucleus Single nucleus
Cells are long with multiple
nuclei
I. Types of muscle
Smooth Muscle
Rhythmic contractions are called
PERISTALSIS.
II. Anatomy of skeletal muscle and muscle
contraction
A. Fused cells form a sarcomere (the
action unit)
B. Sarcomeres are made up of
ACTIN and MYOSIN filament
proteins.
C. Myosin (thick) and actin (thin) overlap (causing
striations) and slide past each other to cause
contraction.
1. Muscle contraction occurs when a motor
neuron (nerve cell) stimulates a skeletal muscle
and causes the release of
NEUROTRANSMITTERS from sacs in the
AXON TERMINAL. They diffuse across the
SYNAPTIC CLEFT and bind with receptors on
the neighboring muscle cell - causing myosin to
slide along actin.
2. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter involved with muscle
contraction.
3. Contraction stops when acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh and calcium
gets pumped back into the muscle cell.
Calcium
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Actin
Myosin
III. Sliding filament theory
A. Without calcium - Myosin cannot walk
along actin because binding sites are
covered by chain. Troponin = lock
Tropomyosin = chain
Calcium binds to troponin causing it
to unlock. Tropomyosin slides down.
Binding sites exposed. Myosin
walks along actin - muscle
contracts
IV. Energy for contraction
A. Cellular respiration
makes ATP (and gives
off heat). Stage 1: Glycolysis (no O2
needed) Stage 2: Citric acid cycle (O2
needed) Stage 3: Electron transport chain
(O2 needed)


1. Blood supplies oxygen needed during citric acid cycle.


2. MYOGLOBIN (found in muscles) stores oxygen.
B. When oxygen runs out during strenuous activity, glycolysis is used to make ATP.
1.Less ATP is released

C. Energy sources for contraction CREATINE PHOSPHATE can regenerate ATP
from ADP (10 sec.).

1. Toxic PYRUVATE molecules are converted into lactic acid.
2. LACTIC ACID builds up in the muscles (before diffusing into blood) and
causes muscle soreness.
V. Muscular responses
A. THRESHOLD STIMULUS - The minimum stimulus required to cause
contraction (called a twitch) .
B. Each twitch has both a period of
contraction and relaxation.


1. The LATENT PERIOD describes the
time between two muscle twitches.
2. The REFRACTORY PERIOD is the
amount of time when a muscle fiber is
unresponsive.

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