Gaya Antarmolekul dan

Cairan dan Padatan

Chapter 11
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Suatu fasa (phase) adalah bagian homogen dari
suatu sistem yang berkontak dengan bagian
sistem yang lain namun terpisah dengan batas
yang jelas.
2 Fasa
Fasa padat - es
Fasa cair - air
11.1
11.2
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
(covalent bond)
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)
Generally,
intermolecular
forces are much
weaker than
intramolecular
forces.(only about
15% as strong)
Measure of intermolecular force
boiling point
melting point
DH
vap

DH
fus
DH
sub

Teori kinetik molekul cairan dan padatan
Types of Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
Should actually be called Interparticulate Forces
(molecules, ions, and/or atoms)
Ion - ion forces
Ion-dipole forces
Dipole-dipole forces
Dispersion Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
Ion - ion forces: (lattice energy-ionic compound)
Remember Chapter 9
Force depends on the charge on the ions and
the distance separating the ions
(STRONG FORCES)

E = k
Q
+
Q
-
r
Intermolecular Forces
1. Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
Example: ions in solution
11.2
Ion-Dipole Interaction
11.2
The strength of the interaction depends on the charge and
size of the ion and on the magnitude of the dipole moment
and size of the molecule.
Higher charge, smaller size strong interaction
Water molecules
Intermolecular Forces
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces (permanent dipole moment)
Attractive forces between polar molecules
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid
11.2
Intermolecular Forces
3. Temporary dipoles (Dispersion forces)
What attractive force occurs in nonpolar substances?
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules
11.2
ion-induced dipole interaction
dipole-induced dipole interaction
Ion induced
Dipole induced
Instantaneous dipole
The electron distribution of atom is distorted
by the force exerted by the ions or polar
molecules.
11.2
Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution
in the atom or molecule can be distorted.
Polarizability increases with:
greater number of electrons
more diffuse electron cloud
The likelihood of a dipole moment being induced depends not only
on the charge of the ion or the strength of the dipole but also on
the polarizability of the atom or molecules.
Melting point increases as
the number of electrons in
the molecule increase.
Dispersion forces
usually increase with
molar mass (more
electrons), or size of
the atom.
Induced dipoles interacting with each other. This type of
interaction produces dispersion forces, which arise as a result of
temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules, is
responsible for the condensation of nonpolar gases.
**Dispersion force exists between all species.
Polarizability allows gases containing atoms or nonpolar
molecules (e.g.He,N2) to condense.
At any instant it is likely that the atom has a dipole moment
created by a specific positions of electrons. This dipole
moment is called instantaneous dipole.
London Dispersion Force (Dispersion force)
S
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between
each of the following molecules?
HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.
CH
4

CH
4
is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
SO
2

SO
2
is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between SO
2
molecules.
11.2
Intermolecular Forces
4. Hydrogen Bond
11.2
The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.
A H

B A H

A
or
A & B are N, O, or F
Hydrogen Bonds:
Strength of H bonds: up to 40 kJ/mol
Lots of H bonds = strong
compare with strength of typical covalent bonds:
250 kJ/mole)
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a
special dipole-dipole interaction?
Decreasing molar mass
Decreasing boiling point
11.2
Properties of Liquids
Surface tension is the amount of energy required to stretch
or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High
surface
tension
11.3
The intermolecular attraction tend
to pull molecules into liquids and
cause the surface to tighten like a
plastic film.
Properties of Liquids
Viscosity is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow.
11.3
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High
viscosity
CH2-OH

CH-OH

CH2-OH
Gliserol viskositasnya jauh lebih besar
daripada semua cairan pada tabel di atas
A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a
crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific
(predictable) positions. (e.g. NaCl)
An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order. (e.g. glass)
A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline
solid.
Unit Cell
lattice
point
Unit cells in 3 dimensions 11.4
At lattice points:
Atoms,
Molecules,
or Ions
Solid---crystal structure
Structures of crystalline solids:
Figure 11.15
11.4
Shared by 8
unit cells
Shared by 2
unit cells
11.4
Shared by 4
unit cells
Corner atom edge atom face centered
atom

11.4
Jml atom = 1 Jml atom = 2 Jml atom = 4
When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered cubic
cells. The unit cell edge length is 409 pm. Calculate
the density of silver.
d =
m
V
V = a
3
= (409 pm)
3
= 6.83 x 10
-23
cm
3

4 atoms/unit cell in a face-centered cubic cell
m = 4 Ag atoms
107.9 g
mole Ag
x
1 mole Ag
6.022 x 10
23
atoms
x
= 7.17 x 10
-22
g
d =
m
V
7.17 x 10
-22
g
6.83 x 10
-23
cm
3

= = 10.5 g/cm
3

11.4
Types of Crystals
Ionic Crystals
Lattice points occupied by cations and anions
Held together by electrostatic attraction
Hard, brittle, high melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
CsCl ZnS CaF
2

11.6
Types of Crystals
Covalent Crystals
Lattice points occupied by atoms
Held together by covalent bonds
Hard, high melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
11.6
diamond graphite
carbon
atoms
allotrope
sp3
sp2
Types of Crystals
Molecular Crystals
Lattice points occupied by molecules
Held together by intermolecular forces
Soft, low melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
11.6
Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals
Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
Held together by metallic bonds
Soft to hard, low to high melting point
Good conductors of heat and electricity
11.6
Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal
nucleus &
inner shell e
-

mobile sea
of e
-

An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order.
A glass is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic
materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing
Crystalline
quartz (SiO
2
)
Non-crystalline
quartz glass
11.7
amorphous solid
The boiling point is the temperature at which the
(equilibrium) vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
external pressure.
The normal boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid
boils when the external pressure is 1 atm.
11.8
On top of a mountain
Water boils at a lower temp. on top of a mountain than
at sea level.
Why? because the external pressure (atmospheric
pressure) is less on top of a mountain.

In an autoclave
An autoclave is used to sterilize medical instruments
The pressure is often 2 atmospheres.
Will water inside the autoclave boil at 100C?
Molar heat of vaporization (DH
vap
) is the energy required to
vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at its boiling point.
ln P = -
DH
vap
RT
+ C
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
P = (equilibrium) vapor pressure
T = temperature (K)
R = gas constant (8.314 J/Kmol)
11.8
Vapor Pressure Versus Temperature
Molar heat of fusion (DH
fus
) is the energy required to melt
1 mole of a solid substance at its freezing point.
11.8
11.8
Heating Curve
Heat of fusion = energy
needed to convert a solid
to a liquid
Heat of vaporization =
energy needed to
convert a liquid to a gas
Be able to draw a
heating curve
Energy is needed to
heat a solid
heat a liquid
heat a gas
convert a solid to a
liquid
convert a liquid to a gas
convert a solid to a gas
A phase diagram summarizes the conditions at which a
substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
Phase Diagram of Water
11.9
phase diagram
Triple point
All three
phases are in
equilibrium
Solid line:
Two phases are
in equilibrium
Phase Diagram of Water
Es kering (dry ice)