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Function Values
Definition of a Relative Maximum Value
The function f has a relative maximum value at the number c if
there exists an open interval containing c, on which f is defined such
that f(c) > f(x) for all x in this interval.
a c b
x
a c b
x
Definition of a Relative Minimum Value
The function f has a relative minimum value at the number c if
there exists an open interval containing c, on which f is defined such
that f(c) s f(x) for all x in this interval.
a c b
x
a c b
x
Theorem: If f(x) exists for all values of x in the open interval (a, b), and if f
has a relative extremum at c, where a < c < b, and if f(c) exists, then
f(c) = 0.
Illustration:
Consider the function
f(x) = 2x
2
+ 4x 5.
The function is a parabola
opening downward with vertex
at (1, -3). The function is
maximum there. Let c = 1.
Then, from the above
theorem, f (1) = 0.
Relative extremum:
If a function f has either a relative maximum or a relative
minimum value at c, then f has a relative extremum at c.
Critical Number
Definition of a Critical Number
If c is a number in the domain of the function f, and if either f (c) = 0 or
f (c) does not exist, then c is a critical number of f.
The critical number of
f(x) = 2x
2
+ 4x 5 is 1 since
f (1) = 0.
The critical number of
f(x) = x
2/3
is 0 since f (0) does
not exist.
Examples: Find the critical numbers. (Exercises on p.218)
1. f(x) = x
4
+ 4x
3
2x
2
12x.
Solution: Since, f(x) is a polynomial function and f (x) is also a polynomial, we
find c only when f (c) = 0.
So, we find c for which f (c) = 0.
f (x) = 4x
3
+ 12x
2
4x 12 = 0,
x
3
+ 3x
2
x 3 = 0.
Solving for x by factoring by grouping or by synthetic division,
(x + 3)(x 1)(x + 1) = 0,
x = -3, 1, and -1. (critical numbers)
2. f(t) = (t
2
4)
2/3
Solution: The derivative is f (t) =
( )
1/3
2
2 1/3
2 4t
t 4 2t 0
3
3(t 4)
= =
.
Solution:
Finding the critical number,
G (x) = -3cos x = 0,
x = t/2, C.N.
Since G is always differentiable, there is no critical number c where G (c) dne.
x G(x)
0 0 - abs. max. value
t/2 -3 - abs. min. value
4. ;[3, 5]
2
if x 5
f (x)
x 5
2 if x 5
Solution:
No critical number for which f (x) = 0.
But 5 is a critical number since f (5) dne. Since f(x) = 2 when x = 5, then 2 must
be an absolute extremum.
x f(x)
3 -1
5 2 - abs max value
Applications Involving an Absolute Extremum on a Closed Interval
Examples: (pp. 226 227)
1. Find the number in the interval [-1, 1] such that the difference of the number
and its square is a) a maximum, and b) a minimum.
Solution:
Let x be the number. We want to maximize or minimize x minus its
square. Let D be the difference of x and its square.
D = x x
2
.
So, D(x) = 1 2x = 0.
Thus, x = (critical number)
x D
-1 -2 abs. min value
1/4 abs. max value
1 0
2. Suppose that the weight is to be held10 ft below a horizontal line AB
by a wire in a shape of a Y. If the points A and B are 8 ft apart. What is
the shortest length of the wire that can be used?
Let x be the length of the line segment
CD.
We would like to minimize the total length
L of the wire.
So, L =
AC BC CW + +
L = ; [0,10]
2 2
16 16 10 x x x + + + +
B
A
C
W
8
10-x
x
4
B
C
D
x
2
2 16 10 x x = + +
L (x) =
2
2
1 0
16
x
x
=
+
2
2 2
2
2 16
4 16
3 16
4 4 3
3
3
x x
x x
x
x or
= +
= +
=
=
Solving for the critical
number,
x L(x)
0 18
- abs.
min
10
4 3
3
4 29 21.54 ft =
10 4 3 16.93ft + =
3. An island is at point A, 4 km offshore from the nearest point B on a straight
beach. A woman on the island wishes to go to a point C, 6 km down the beach
from B. She Can go by a rowboat at 5 km/hr to a point P between B and C and
then walk at 8 km/hr along a straight path from P to C. Find the route from A to C
that she can travel in the least time.
Solution: Let x be the distance from B to P.
We would like to find the distance
AP + PC where the travel time is
minimum.
B
A
P
C
4 km
x
6 - x
Let T be the total time travelled by the woman. So,
T = T
AP
+ T
PC
.
Since, time = distance/speed,
; [0, 6]
2
x 16 6 x
T
5 8
+
= +
Since, T is to be minimized,
2
x 1
T'(x) 0
8
5 x 16
= =
+
Solving for x,
km
2
8x 5 x 16 0,
20 20 39
x
39 39
+ =
= =
x T
0 31/20 hr
1.37 hr least time
6 1.44 hr
20 39
39
Thus, the distance that the woman can travel is
2
2
20 20
x 16 6 x 16 6
39 39
7.92km
| |
+ + = + +
|
\ .
=
4. Find the dimensions of the right-circular cylinder of greatest lateral surface area
that can be inscribed in a sphere with a radius of 6 in.
r
h
6 in
Solution:
Find r and h of the cylinder with greatest lateral
surface area.
Lateral surface area of the cylinder is
A = 2trh.
By Pythagorean theorem,
12
2
= (2r)
2
+ h
2
.
So, 144 = 4r
2
+ h
2
.
Solving for h,
2 2
h 144 4r 2 36 r = =
So, A = ; [0, 6]
2
4 r 36 r t
Since A is to be max.,
A(r) =
2
2
2r
(4 r) (4 ) 36 r 0
2 36 r
t + t =
2 2
r 36 r 0,
r 3 2in
+ =
=
h
2r
12
If r = , then h = 3 2in 6 2in
r h A
0 6 in 0
72 in
2
6 in 0 0
3 2in 6 2in
So,
A =
2
2 rh 2 (3 2)(6 2) 72in t = t =
Thus, the dimensions are
r = and h = 3 2in 6 2in
Assign number 2:
Page 227,
numbers 25, 27, and 31